Hydro Flashcards
True or false: Hydroelectric is the leading renewable power source globally
True
What are the 2 processes that hydro depends on?
- The water cycle to provide a continuous flow of water from high altitudes (mountains) to sea level
- Conversion of potential energy from the water to electricity (at a hydro power station)
Describe the water cycle (4 stages)
- Vapour formation - the sun extracts water vapour from the sea (evaporation), from plants & soil (evapotranspiration), from ice/snow (sublimation)
- Transportation - water vapour rises, gaining potential energy, cools & condenses to form clouds, air currents transports clouds across the world and cloud particles can collide
- Precipitation - clouds give up their potential energy & fall as rain/sleet/snow/hail
- Return to oceans - fallen precipitation makes it way back to the ocean depending where it fell (surface run-off from mountains into lakes, infiltration into aquifers, ground water discharge & freshwater springs, ice will accumulate as ice caps and melt over many years)
What is evapotranspiration?
Refers to the evaporation of water from the soil and transpiration of water from plant’s stomata
Why is gravity so important to hydro power?
The water cycle causes water vapour to gain potential energy as it evaporates and hydro power relies on water vapour falling & capturing the loss of this potential energy as it gains kinetic energy
Draw and label a typical hydro power station
- Reservoir
- Dam
- Intake
- Control gate
- Penstock
- Turbine
- Generator
- Transformer
- Outflow
- Power house
- Power lines
Describe how a hydro power station works
- Water is stored in a reservoir to store the potential energy
- A controlled amount of water is permitted through the intake and control gate (PE > PE + KE)
- The kinetic energy & pressure drop of the water turns the turbine (PE + KE > ME)
- The turbine rotations drive a generator which creates electricity (ME > EE)
What is hydro power?
The production of electrical power from the gravitational potential energy of water
What is the purpose of the dam?
To store potential energy
Why can’t the hydro generation process be 100% efficient?
Water leaves with a small velocity (kinetic energy) to allow the water to continue travelling away from the damn.
True or false: Efficiency is higher for smaller turbines
False - efficiency is higher for larger turbines
How are hydroelectric dams characterised by head height?
- Low head (< 30 m)
- Medium head (30 - 300 m)
- High head (> 300 m)
Describe a low head hydro dam
- Often do not store water
- Examples are a weir on a river or a tidal barrage (store water at high tide)
- Some do not have a dam at all and the flow of water generates electricity directly (run-of-the-river system)
- They require lots of water flowing
Describe a medium head hydro dam
- Located in more mountainous regions where the rivers flows down steep terrain
- Dams are constructed behind which a reservoir of water is stored
- Water from the reservoir can be taken to the power generation system where electricity is generated - this is difficult as it is not located where the power is needed.
- High power for small volumetric flow because the head height is very large
Describe a high head hydro dam
- Typically consist of a small dam and reservoir and a long section of pipework down a steep mountainside
- Very important in the national grid because they can be adjusted easily and quickly to produce the power to rapidly respond to changes in demand
Is the three gorges damn low, medium or high head?
Medium ~ 182 m
Is a tidal barrage a low, medium or high head hydro dam?
Low
Give some early examples of hydro-mechanical power?
Textile mills, water mills, saw mills
True or false: The first known use of hydro-mechanical power occurred around the 3rd century BC.
True
Name the 4 different water wheel types
- Undershot water wheel
- Breastshot water wheel
- Overshot water wheel
- Pitchback water wheel
List the features of an undershot water wheel
- Cheap and simple to build
- Little environmental impact as they do not require major change of the river
- Low efficiency because they gain no advantage from head – only use KE
- Can only be used where the flow rate is sufficient to provide torque
- Best suited to shallow streams in flat country