Hydraulics - January 2014 Flashcards
One cubic foot contains ____ cubic inches.
1728 cubic inches.
Page 6
One cubic foot contains ____ gallons
7.5 gallons
Page 6
One cubic foot of water weighs __________ lbs.
62.5 lbs
Page 6
One gallon of water contains _____ cubic inches
231 cubic inches
Page 6
One gallon of fresh water contains _____ lbs.
8.33 lbs
Page 7
A column of water 1’ high exerts a pressure of ____ psi at its base.
0.434 psi
Page 7
A column of water _______ feet high exerts a pressure of 1 PSI at its base.
2.304 feet
Page 7
50’ of 1.75” hose contains____ gallons of water.
6.24 gallons
Page 7
50’ of 1.88” hose contains ______ gallons of water.
7.2 gallons
Page 7
50’ of 2.5” hose contains ______ gallons of water.
12.74 gallons
Page 7
50’ of 3” hose contains _____ gallons of water
18.35 gallons
Page 7
100’ of 4” hose contains _____ gallons of water
65.25 gallons
Page 7
100’ of 5” hose contains ______ gallons of water.
101.94 gallons
Page 7
Nozzle pressure for hand lines with smooth bore nozzles is ___ psi but can be increased to ___ psi to achieve higher flow.
50 psi but can be increased to 65
Page 7
Nozzle pressure for smooth bore master streams is ___ PSI but can be increased to ____ psi to achieve higher flow.
80 psi but can be increased to 100.
Page 7
Akron assault nozzles are designed for ___ PSI nozzle pressure and flow ____ gpms with the fog nozzle and ___ gpms with the 15/16 smooth bore.
50 PSI
175 GPMs with the fog nozzle
185 GPMs with the smooth bore
Page 7
The generic term applied to any nozzle, wye, siamese , deluge monitor or any other piece of hardware used in conjunction with fire hose for the purpose of delivering water.
Appliance
Page 7
Any pumping apparatus that is supplying water directly to attack lines.
Attack pumper
Page 7
Pumps used on all modern fire apparatus. This pump takes advantage of incoming pressure. Water enters the eye of the pump and then travels through one or more impellers.
Centrifugal pumps
Page 7
The quantity of water issuing from an opening expressed in gpm.
Discharge
Page 7
Actual velocity pressure of the water (measured in PSI) for an individual hoseline.
Discharge pressure
Page 7
Master stream nozzle attached to or being operated from an aerial ladder.
Elevated stream
Page 7
Gain or loss of pressure in a hose line or system due to a change in elevation.
Elevation pressure
Page 7
Pressure created by the velocity of water coming from a discharge opening
Flow pressure
Page 8
The loss of pressure created by turbulence of water moving against the interior walls, couplings and connections of the hose or pipes.
Friction Loss
Page 8
Line run directly from hydrant to an attack pumper.
Gutter Line
Page 8
Water pressure due to elevation.
Head pressure.
Page 8
Master stream nozzle mounted to the fly of an aerial ladder.
Ladder pipe
Page 8
Any variety of of heavy caliber water streams delivering 350 gallons or more
Master stream
Page 8
The pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands, at any moment in time.
Normal operating pressure
Page 8
The velocity pressure at which water is discharged from the nozzle
Nozzle pressure
Page 8
Counter-force directed against a person or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.
Nozzle reaction
Page 8
Small positive displacement pump used to evacuate air from a centrifugal pump housing allowing the pump to receive water.
Primer pump
Page 8
Actual velocity pressure of the water (measured in psi) as it leaves the pump
Pumper discharge pressure
Page 8
A pumper that is between the source pumper and attack pumper. This pumper receives water from the direction of the source pumper and boosts pressure towards the attack pumper.
Relay Pumper
Page 8
Pressure remaining in a water system when water is flowing
Residual Pressure
Page 8
An appliance that combines two or more hose lines into one
Siamese
Page 8
The pressure exerted by water at rest in a confined vessel available to force the water through pipe, fittings, fire hose, and adapters.
Static pressure
Page 8
The pumper connected to the water supply at the beginning of a relay operation.
Supply pumper or static pumper
Page 8
The total amount of pressure loss in a hose assembly due to friction loss in the hose and appliances, elevation pressure and any other factors.
Total pressure loss
Page 8
The speed at which water passes through a given point.
Velocity
Page 9
The force created by the rapid deceleration of water. Generally occurs from opening or closing a valve too quickly. Damage to pumps, plumbing, and hose lines may occur.
Water hammer
Page 9
An application that breaks one hose line into two or more hose lines with one female and two or more male outlets, usually gated.
Wye
Page 9
What is 15/16 in decimal form?
- 9375
* round to the nearest hundredth when doing math
Page 10
What is the formula for determining the volume of a rectangle (in gallons)?
L’ x W’ x H’ x 7.5
Page 10
What is the formula for determining the volume of a cylinder, pipe, or hose line in gallons?
Pi x r^2 x H’ or L’ x 7.5
Page 11
What is the formula to determine the GPM flow of a smooth bore nozzle?
29.7 x D^2 x sqrt(NP)
Page 14
Based on theoretical calculations, what are the flow rates for all 6 smooth bore tips at 50 PSI nozzle pressure?
1/2” - 53 gpm
7/8” - 161 gpm
15/16” - 185 gpm
1” - 210 gpm
1 1/8 - 266 gpm
1 1/4 - 328 gpm
Page 14
Based on fire ground calculations, what are the flow rates for all 6 smooth bore tips used on hand lines at 50 psi nozzle pressure?
1/2” - 50 gpm
7/8” - 150 gpm
15/16” - 185 gpm
1” - 200 gpm
1 1/8” - 250 gpm
1 1/4” - 325 gpm
Page 14
Based on theoretical calculations, what are the flow rates for all 5 smooth bore smooth bore tips used for master streams?
1 1/4” - 415 gpm
1 3/8” - 502 gpm
1 1/2” - 598 gpm
1 3/4” - 814 gpm
2” - 1062 gpm
Page 15
Based on fire ground calculations, what are the flow rates for all 5 smooth bore smooth bore tips used for master streams?
1 1/4” - 400 gpm
1 3/8 - 500 gpm
1 1/2 - 600 gpm
1 3/4 - 800 gpm
2” - 1000 gpm
Page 15
The 1” adjustable gallonage fog nozzle is an adjustable flow nozzle that can be set to lever ____ to ____ gpm.
12 to 60 GPM
Page 15
The 1 1/2” Akron assault nozzle flows _____ gpm.
175 GPM
Page 15
The 2 1/2” Akron fog nozzle is an adjustable flow fog nozzle that can be set to deliver ______ and _____ gpm.
125 and 250 GPM
Page 15
The Akron Quick - Attack mercury monitor flows _____ gpm.
500 GPM
Page 15
Master stream fog nozzles have an operating range of _______ to ______ gpm.
150 to 2000 GPM
Page 15
How are booster reel lines usually configured on county engines?
They are usually 150’ long, 1” rubber line with adjustable gallonage fog nozzle that can flow between 12-60 GPM with 100 PSI nozzle pressure.
Page 16
There are two nozzles that are typically used with the 1” forestry line. One is the 1” adjustable gallonage fog nozzle that flows between 12-60 GPM. What is the other and what does it flow?
The red fog nozzle that flows 22 GPM @ 100 PSI
Page 16
What is the flow rate and nozzle pressure of the decon shower?
270 GPM @ 75 PSI
Page 17
What is the flow rate and nozzle pressure for the piercing nozzle?
What is another name for this nozzle?
125 GPM @ 100 PSI
Penetrating
Page 17
The 2.5” distributor nozzle flows _____ GPM at _____ PSI.
250 GPM @ 100 PSI
Page 18
The 1.5” distributor nozzle flows ______ GPM at _____ PSI.
95 GPM @ 50 PSI
Page 18
The 2.5” cellar nozzle flows _____ GPM at ____ PSI.
350 GPM @ 100 PSI.
Page 18
The 1.5” cellar nozzle flows _____ GPM at _____ PSI.
160 GPM @ 100 PSI
Page 18
Fixed monitors with smooth bore nozzles should have a PDP of _________.
120 PSI for the 2” Smooth bore.
110 for the other three stacked tips.
Page 18
Fixed monitors with a Task Force automatic nozzle should have final discharge gauge pressures of _____________.
90 PSI for 500 GPMs
110 PSI for 750 GPMs
120 PSI for 1000 GPM
140 PSI for 1250 GPM
Page 19
Fixed monitors with an Akron adjustable flow nozzle should have final discharge gauge pressures of ______________.
100 PSI for 500 GPMs
110 PSI for 750 GPMs
130 PSI for 1000 GPMs
140 PSI for 1250 GPMs
Page 19
The Akron Quick-Attack Mercury monitor flows _____ GPM through either the smooth bore or fog nozzle.
500 GPMs
Page 19
What is the maximum inlet pressure for the mercury monitor?
150 PSI
Page 19
What is the appliance loss for the mercury monitor?
10 PSI
Page 19
What are the four basic principles that govern friction loss in fire hose and piping?
- All variables being the same, friction loss will vary directly with the length of hose or pipe.
- All variables being the same, the friction loss will varies approximately with the square of the increase in the velocity of the flow.
- When the flow remains constant the friction loss in a hose will decrease when the diameter of the hose is increased. *Mathematically, friction loss varies inversely to the fifth power as the diameter of the hose.
- For any given flow velocity, friction loss is independent of pressure.
Pages 20-21
What are the coefficients of friction for the different size hose lines?
1” - 150
1 3/4” - 10 per fairfax / 15.5 per IFSTA
2” - 8
2.5” - 2
3” - 0.8
4” - 0.2
5” - 0.08
Dual 3” Lines - 0.2
One 4” and One 3” line - 0.09
Dual 4” - 0.05
Page 21 and Page 38 for dual lines
What is the formula to determine friction loss?
FL = C (Q/100)^2 * (L/100)
Page 22
How much PSI is added for appliance loss?
Less than 350 GPM - 0
Over 350 GPM - 10
Standpipes, ladder pipes and master streams (excluding the mercury monitor) - 25 PSI
Page 24
What is the formula to figure Pump discharge pressure?
PDP = NP + TPL for Attack lines PDP = RP + TPL for Supply lines
Page 28 (attack lines) and Page 34 (supply line)
What is the formula to figure Total Pressure Loss?
TPL = FL + AL + EL
Page 28
What is the maximum safe PDP?
250 PSI
Page 28
What is the flow rate of the portable foam eductors used in Fairfax County and how should it be set up with placed in service?
95 to 125 GPM with a pump discharge press of 200 PSI
The eductor must be placed 50 feet from the pump and within 200 feet of the nozzle with the nozzle no higher than 5 feet above the eductor
Page 31
All Fairfax County pumpers carry a minimum of how much foam?
40 gallons
Page 32
Pierce recommends that CAFS only be used in lines up to what length for maximum effectiveness.
250 feet
Page 33
What is the starting pressure for 4” supply line?
50 PSI
Page 34
What is the starting pressure for 3” supply line?
100 PSI
Page 34
What is the pump rating for must engines in Fairfax County?
1500 GPM at 150 PSI
Page 36
Most hydrants in Fairfax County can deliver at least how much water?
At least 1,000 GPM
Page 36
What is the formula to figure out how much more available water you have available?
Like volume = (SP-RP) * 100 / SP
0 - 10% - 3 times the original amount
11-15% - 2 times the original amount
16-25% - 1 times the original amount
> 25% - Less than 1 times the original amount
Page 40
When do you charge a sprinkler system?
When there is smoke or fire showing or upon confirmation of a working fire.
Page 44
When do you charge standpipes or combination systems?
Immediately upon arrival to the scene without orders
Page 44
When do you charge the lines that are supplying a ladder truck?
On orders of the truck OIC or driver.
Page 45
This type of attack is a tactic of rapidly placing a large volume of water on the fire to extinguish the bulk of the fire so it can be easily mopped up.
A blitz attack
Page 47
What are the maximum flows that can be expected from each intake at draft?
Front intake - 900 GPM
Side intake - 1750 GPM or greater
Rear intake - 1500-1750 GPM
Page 49
The pump shall be in pump gear whenever the incoming pressure is above what PSI?
50 PSI
Page 50
This devices increases or decreases the pressure by adjusting the engine RPM as necessary to maintain the set pump discharge pressure.
The pressure governor
Page 51
This operates on the principle of diverting the excess water back to the intake side of the pump or on the ground.
Relief valves
Page 51
What is the alternate method of determining like volume.
*Using 80 PSI as static pressure
Find 10 Percent by moving the decimal 1 space to the left. (8 PSI)
Find 15% by dividing the 10% number by 2 and adding it to the 10% (8 PSI + 4 PSI = 12 PSI)
Find 25% by adding the 10% and 15% numbers together (12 PSI + 8 PSI = 20 PSI)
If there is less than a 10% drop (8 PSI) then there is 3x like volumes available.
If there is between a 11% drop and 15% drop, there is 2x like volumes available.
If there is between a 16% drop and 25% drop, there is 1x like volumes available.
If there is more than a 25% drop, there is 0x like volume available
Page 52 and 53
