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Hydraulics Theory > Hydraulics > Flashcards

Hydraulics Flashcards

1
Q

One cubic foot contains ______ cubic inches?

A

One cubic foot contains 1728 in.³

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2
Q

One cubic foot contains_____gallons of water?

A

One cubic foot contains 7.5 gallons

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3
Q

One cubic foot of freshwater weighs ____ pounds?

A

One cubic foot of freshwater weighs 62.5 pounds

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4
Q

How many cubic inches are in 1 gallon of water?

A

1 gallon contains 231 in.³

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5
Q

How much does 1 gallon of freshwater weigh?

A

1 gallon of freshwater weighs 8.33 pounds

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6
Q

How much pressure in psi at its base does a 1 foot column of water exert?

A

A column of water 1 foot high exerts a pressure of 0.434 psi at its base

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7
Q

How much pressure does a column of water 2.304’ high exert at its base?

A

A column of water 2.304 feet high exerts a pressure of 1 psi at its base

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8
Q

How much water is in a 50 foot length of 1.75 inch hose?

A

50 feet length of 1.75 inch hose contains 6.24 gallons of water

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9
Q

How much water is in a 50 foot length of 1.88 inch hose?

A

50 foot length of 1.88” chose contains 7.20 gallons of water.

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10
Q

How much water is in a 50 foot length of 2.5 inch hose?

A

A 50 foot length of 2.5” hose contains 12.74 gallons of water

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11
Q

How much water is in a 50 foot length of 3” hose?

A

A 50 foot length of 3” hose contains 18.35 gallons of water.

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12
Q

How much water is in a 100 foot length of 4” hose?

A

A 100 foot length of 4” hose contains 65.25 gallons.

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13
Q

How much water is in a 100 foot length of 5” hose?

A

A 100 foot length of 5” hose contains 101.94 gallons.

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14
Q

What is the nozzle pressure for hand lines with smooth bore nozzles?

A

50 psi.

*With a max of 65 psi to achieve a higher flow.

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15
Q

What is the nozzle pressure for master streams with smoothbore nozzles?

A

80 psi.

*Max psi increased to 100 psi to achieve higher flow rates.

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16
Q

What is the psi nozzle pressure and GPM flow of the Akron assault nozzle?

A

Akron assault nozzles are designed for 50 psi nozzle pressure inflows 175 GPM with the fog nozzle and 185 GPM with the 15/16 inch slug.

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17
Q

What is the nozzle pressure for all fog nozzles unless otherwise indicated?

A

The nozzle pressure for all fog nozzles is 100 psi unless otherwise indicated

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18
Q

The type of pump used on all modern fire apparatus that takes advantage of incoming pressure, moves water through the eye of the pump and then through one or more impellers is what type of pump?

A

Centrifugal pump

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19
Q

What is discharge velocity?

A

Discharge velocity is the rate at which water travels from an orifice and can be measured using a pitot gauge.

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20
Q

What is discharge pressure?

A

Discharge pressure is the actual velocity pressure of the water, measured in psi, for an individual hose line

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21
Q

What is flow pressure?

A

Flow pressure is the pressure created by the velocity of water coming from a discharge opening.

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22
Q

What is normal operating pressure?

A

Normal operating pressure is the pressure found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands, at any moment in time

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23
Q

What is friction loss?

A

Friction loss is the loss of pressure created by the turbulence of water moving against the interior walls, couplings, and connections of the hose or pipe

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24
Q

What is nozzle reaction?

A

Nozzle reaction is the counterforce directed against a person or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water being discharged.

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25
Q

What is a primer pump?

A

A primer pump is a small positive displacement pump used to evacuate air from a centrifugal pump housing allowing the pump to receive water

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26
Q

What is residual pressure?

A

Residual pressure is the pressure remaining in a water system when water is flowing

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27
Q

What is static pressure?

A

Static pressure is the pressure exerted by water at rest in a confined vessel available to force the water through pipe, fittings, fire hose and adapters

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28
Q

What is total pressure loss?

A

Total pressure loss is the total amount of pressure loss in a hose assembly due to friction loss in the hose and appliances, elevation pressure, or any other factors.

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29
Q

What is velocity?

A

Velocity is the speed at which water passes a given point

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30
Q

What is water hammer?

A

Water hammer is the force created by the rapid deceleration of water. Generally occurs from opening or closing evolve to quickly. Damage to palms, plumbing, and hose lines may occur.

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31
Q

To what decimal place should pump operators round lengthy numbers to save time and simplify the ease of complex numbers while performing fire ground calculations?

A

The driver/operator should round to the nearest hundredth (two decimal places)

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32
Q

What is the formula for determining the amount of water contained in a rectangular shaped container?

A

L’ x W’ x D’ x 7.5 ( number of gallons in a cf)

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33
Q

What formula is used to determine the gallons of water in a swimming pool that has both a shallow and deep end?

A

L’ x W’ x (average depth in feet) x 7.5

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34
Q

What is the formula for determining the volume of a cylinder, pipe, or hose in gallons?

A

Capacity in gallons = 3.14 x r2 x H’ (or D’) x 7.5

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35
Q

What is the formula for determining the flow from a smoothbore nozzle?

A

GPM = 29.7 x d2 x sqr/NP

Sqr/ 50 = 7.07
Sqr/ 100 = 10

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36
Q

What are the theoretical / fire ground flows for smoothbore hand lines?

A

1/2 = 50 53
7/8 = 161 150
15/16 = 185 185
1” = 210 200
1 1/8 = 266 250
1 1/4 = 328 328

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37
Q

What are the theoretical/fire ground flows for master stream smooth bore nozzles?

A

1 1/4 = 415 400
1 3/8 = 502 500
1 1/2 = 598 600
1 3/4 = 814 800
2” = 1062 1000

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38
Q

What is the flow of the 1 inch adjustable gallonage fog Nozzle?

A

12 to 60 GPM

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39
Q

What is the flow rate of the 2 1/2 inch Akron fog nozzle with adjustable gallonage flow?

A

125 to 250 GPM

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40
Q

What is the flow of the Akron quick attack mercury monitor with a fog nozzle?

A

500 GPM

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41
Q

What is the range of flow of master stream fog nozzles?

A

150-2000 gpm

42
Q

What are the characteristics/ specs of booster Reels?

A

Booster reels are usually 150 feet long, 1” rubber line with an adjustable gallonage fog nozzle that flows between 12 to 60 GPM with a 100 psi nozzle pressure.

43
Q

What are the characteristics/specs of 1” forestry hose?

A

Forestry hose comes in 50 and 100 foot sections. A 1” adjustable gallonage fog nozzle that flows between 12 and 60 GPM or the 22 GPM red fog nozzle can both be set at 100 psi

44
Q

What is the GPM flow of a Decon shower?

A

Decon shower flows at 270 GPM at 75 psi

45
Q

What is the flow of a piercing Nozzle?

A

A piercing nozzle flows 125 GPM at 100 psi

46
Q

What is the flow of a distributor nozzle?

A

The 2 1/2” distributor nozzle flows 250 GPM at 100 psi.

The 1 1/2” distributor nozzle flows 95 GPM at 50 psi.

47
Q

What is the flow rate of a cellar nozzle?

A

The 2 1/2” cellar nozzle flows 350 GPM at 100 psi.
The 1 1/2” cellar nozzle flows 160 GPM at 100 psi.

48
Q

What are the flows for fixed monitors which are permanently attached to the pumper?

A

1 3/8” 500 @ 110psi
1 1/2” 600 @ 110 psi
1 3/4” 800 @ 110 psi
2” 1000 @ 120 psi

49
Q

What are the flows for the Task Force Tip Automatic nozzle used on the monitors mounted on engines?

A

500 gpm @ 90 psi
750 gpm @ 110 psi
1000 gpm @ 120 psi
1250 gpm @ 140 psi

50
Q

What is the flow for Akron adjustable flow nozzles used on monitors mounted on Engines?

A

500 gpm @ 100 psi
750 gpm @ 110 psi
1000 gpm @ 130 psi
1250 gpm @ 140 psi

51
Q

The Akron Quick Attack Mercury Monitor flows 500 GPM from either the fog or the smooth bore nozzle. How is the Mercury monitor set up and supplied?

A

A single 3” supply is used.
Maximum inlet pressure is 150 psi.
1 3/8” smoothbore requires 80 psi NP
Fog nozzle requires 100 psi NP

  • a 2.5” hose can be used but increases FL
52
Q

Combination monitors are fixed to the pumper but can be detached and connected to a ground mount to be used as a portable monitor. What are the flows of the combination monitor?

A

Smoothbore nozzle = 500/1000 gpm @ 80 psi NP

Fog nozzle = 350-1250 gpm @ 100 psi NP

53
Q

What is the first principal of friction loss in fire hose in piping?

A

All variables being the same, friction loss will vary directly with the length of hose or pipe.

54
Q

What is the second principle of friction loss and fire hose and piping?

A

All variables being the same, the friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase and the velocity of the flow. If the flow rate is doubled the friction loss will be four times greater. 

55
Q

What is the third principal of friction loss in fire hose and piping?

A

When the flow remains constant the friction loss in a hose will decrease when the diameter of the hoses increased.

56
Q

What is the fourth principle of friction loss in fire hose and piping?

A

For any given flow velocity, friction loss is independent of pressure. The velocity of water through a hose line, not pressure, causes friction loss

57
Q

What are the friction loss coefficients for hose size is used in Fairfax county?

A

1” = 150
1 3/4 = 10 (IFSTA = 15.5)
2” = 8
2 1/2 = 2 Dual 3” = 0.2
3” = 0.8 3” + 4” = 0.09
3 1/2 = 0.34. Dual 4” = 0.05
4” = 0.2. Dual 2 1/2 = 0.5
5” = 0.08 (3) 2 1/2 = 0.22

58
Q

What is the appliance loss figures that Fairfax county uses?

A

If gpm is < 350 then FL is 0
If gpm is > 350 then AL is 10
Standpipes = 25
Ladder pipes = 25
Sprinklers = 25
Master streams = 25 ( except Mercury Monitor)

59
Q

What is the flow rating for the JS 10 air aspirating Nozzle?

A

100 GPM at 100 psi. The bail on the nozzle must be fully closed or fully open to operate properly. The Akron Assault breakaway nozzle bail maybe utilized with with this nozzle.

60
Q

What is the flow of the portable foam eductor used in Fairfax county?

A

The portable foam inductors flow is 95 to 125 GPM with a pump discharge pressure of 200 psi at the eductor

61
Q

How far away must the portable foam inductor be placed from the pump panel?

A

The eductor must be placed 50 feet from the pump panel and within 200 feet of the nozzle. The nozzle should be no higher than 5 feet above the adductor.

62
Q

How much psi must be pumped at the eductor when using the Akron Truck Mount Proportioning system?

A

The Akron truck mount is basically an in-line a eductor, pre-piped into the front bumper discharge. It must be pumped at 200 psi at the eductor

63
Q

What position should the tank fill valve be in when using an around the pump style foam system? (Waterous Around The Pump Propertioner)

A

When using and around the pump system, the tank fill valve must be closed to prevent water from being contaminated with concentrate. The intake pressure should not exceed 10 psi. If pumper has a direct fill connection, use this for foam ops.

64
Q

What is the flow rate when using the Husky foam system equipped on some Pierce engines? (Not Husky 3)

A

The Husky foam system is in electronic direct inject foam system that injects foam into the front bumper discharge it is capable of injecting foam from 0.1 to 3% with a rated capacity of 3 GPM of foam concentrate at 150 psi

65
Q

How much foam is carried on all Fairfax county pumpers?

A

All Fairfax county pumpers carry a minimum of 40 gallons of foam

66
Q

How much water, class B foam, and class A foam do Fairfax county CAFS pumpers hold?

A

Fairfax county CA FS pumpers each hold 750 gallons of water, 40 gallons of class B foam, and 40 gallons of class A foam

67
Q

What is the mixture of water, air and class A foam when using a CAFS pumper for fire attack?

A

When using a CAFS for fire attack, this application consists of 2/3 water and 1/3 air with a foam application rate of 0.3%

68
Q

What is the mixture of water, air, and class A foam when using a CAFS engine for overhaul and exposure protection?

A

When using a CAFS engine for overhaul and exposure protection, the application consists of 2/3 air, 1/3 water and a class A foam application rate of 0.5%

69
Q

From what discharges can a CAFS pumper flow class A foam?

A

Leader line.
Blitz line.
Both Croslays.
Bumper line.

70
Q

When using a CAFS pumper and Class A foam, which nozzle tip creates the best finished product for a fire attack?

A

Use of the 15/16” smoothbore tip creates the best finished product for fire attack

71
Q

When using a CAFS pumper to flow foam for exposure and overhaul, which nozzle produces the best finished product?

A

Use of the gated but without the smoothbore nozzle creates the best finished product for exposure and overhaul

72
Q

How long can a CAFS air compressor be operated without overheating?

A

Two hours

73
Q

Do CAFS pumpers have the ability to supply other pumpers in trucks with water, class A foam solution, or CAFS?

A

Yes, The CAFS pumpers can supply other pumpers and trucks with water, class a foam solution, or CAFS

74
Q

What is a consideration regarding pressure buildup when using a CAFS engine and hose lines?

A

Hose lines need to be kept cracked open at all times when charged to avoid the buildup of air pressure in the line

75
Q

What is the recommended maximum hose length that Pierce recommends for CAFS engines to maintain maximum effectiveness?

A

Pierce recommends that CAFS only be used in lines up to 250 feet in length

76
Q

What is the initial starting pressure when supplying through 4” supply lines?

A

Initially all 4” supply lines should be charged to a minimum starting pressure of 50 psi

77
Q

What is the initial starting pressure when supplying through 3” lines?

A

All 3” lines should be charged to a minimum starting pressure of 100 psi

78
Q

What is the initial starting pressure when supplying through a combination of 3” and 4” lines?

A

If a 3” and a 4” supply line are used together they should be charged to a minimum starting pressure of 100 psi

79
Q

What is normally true regarding supply pumpers and gating down discharges?

A

Supply pumpers under normal conditions should not get down there discharges.

80
Q

What is the GPM and psi ratings for most Fairfax county pumpers?

A

Most Fairfax County pampers are rated at 1500 GPM at 150 psi pump pressure.

81
Q

How can you determine at what pressure a pumper is able to pump 100% of its rated capacity from a pressurized water source?

A

To maintain the maximum flow from a pressurized water source, such as a fire hydrant, add the incoming static pressure to 150 psi. At this pressure of the pump is capable of pumping 100% of its rated capacity as long as the water source is capable of supplying that volume of water.

82
Q

What is the formula for figuring maximum discharge pressure to allow for maximum flow from a pressurized water source?

A

Static hydrant pressure + 150psi = max PDP to maintain 100% of GPM capability.

83
Q

What is the friction loss coefficients when using multiple supply lines?

A

(2) 3” = 0.02
3” + 4” = 0.09
(2) 4” = 0.05

84
Q

What is the formula for calculating water available from hydrants? (Like volumes)

A

(SP - RP) 100 / SP = percentage drop

0-10% = 3x original amount
11-15% = 2x original amount
16 - 25% = 1x original amount
> 25% = less than the original amount

85
Q

What are the steps for connecting to a stand pipe?

A

Secure water from a hydrant. Connect one line to FDC in charge to 150 psi. Make additional stand pipe connections. Calculate for friction loss in attack line. Calculate appliance loss for stand pipe and Siamese connections. Calculate friction loss from supply line from the pumper to the stand pipe. Calculate for elevation loss.

86
Q

What is the starting pressure for a sprinkler system

A

Starting PDP for sprinkler system is 150 psi

87
Q

When should a sprinkler system be charged?

A

Whenever smoke or fire is showing or when notified of a working fire.

88
Q

What is the starting pressure for a combination system?(sprinkler and standpipe)

A

Combination systems should be considered as a stand pipe and supply in charged immediately upon arrival to the scene and without orders. Starting pressure for a combination system is 150 psi

89
Q

What is the appliance loss for an aerial master stream?

A

25 psi

90
Q

What is the starting pressure for all Ariel devices?

A

Starting pressure for all Ariel devices is 150 psi. Once the water has been started, the correct PDP shall be calculated and applied

91
Q

What is the minimum diameter of supply hose when supplying an aerial device?

A

A minimum of 1 LDH line or (2) 3” supply lines should be used to supply the aerial device.

92
Q

When should an Ariel device be charged?

A

Charge lines on orders of the truck oh IC or truck driver

93
Q

What is the process for establishing a draft?

A

Position the pump her to use the side intake.
Ensure pump is air tight including close the tank to pump and tank fill valve. Switch pressure governor to rpm mode. Properly position hard sleeve.
Throttle to 1000 to 2000 RPM.
Once pressure develops on the master pump guage, disengage primer and slowly open a discharge.
If prime is lost, close to discharge and re-prime until you can maintain a continuous flow of water.

94
Q

What is the formula for nozzle reaction?

A

Smoothbore =
NR = 1.57 x d2 x NP

Fog Nozzle =
NR = .0505 x Q x sqr/NP

50= 7.07
80 = 8.94
100 = 10

95
Q

When maximum water is needed, what appliances are used to maximize the flow from a hydrant?

A

It is recommended that the driver connects to hydrant gates with 4 inch Storz couplings in the closed position to the 2 1/2 spuds prior to charging the LDH attached to the steamer

96
Q

What are the maximum flows that can be expected from a pumper at draft using the various inlets to the pump?

A

Side intake 1750 GPM.
Rear intake 1500 to 1750 GPM.
Front intake 900 GPM.

97
Q

Anytime the incoming pressure exceeds _________ psi, the pump shall be operated and pump gear.

A

50 psi. This includes when operators are refilling the tank or operating as a pump or in a relay.

98
Q

When the pressure governor is set, it is delivering the desired pressure even when the nozzle is closed. How do you ensure the pressure governor is activated when the engine is providing enough pressure at idle?

A

To ensure that the pressure governor is activated, and the pump is supplying enough pressure at idle, the mode switch must be in pressure and the up button must be depressed at least one time

99
Q

When should the tank to pump valve be closed?

A

For safety reasons, after a water supply has been established, the tank pump valve shall be closed. This enables the pump operator to identify when a water supply has been lost

100
Q

What is the alternate formula for like volumes?

A

10% = determine static pressure, move decimal 1 space left. This is 10% or 3x like volumes
15% = static pressure, devide by 10%, drop by 2 and add to the 10% drop. This is 15% or 2x like volume
25% = add the 10% drop to the 15% drop. This is 25% or 1x like volumes

Hydraulics Theory (1 decks)

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