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Higher Geography > Hydosphere > Flashcards

Hydosphere Flashcards

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1
Q

Fluviale Erosion

A

The break up of rocks by the action of the river

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2
Q

Transportation

A

The movement of eroded material

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3
Q

Deposition

A

The laying down of material which has been transported by the river

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4
Q

Sediment supply zone

A

The area of a river which is the source for alluvium that is transported down the river

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5
Q

Physical weathering

A

The process of physical elements breaking down rocks

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6
Q

Chemical weathering

A

The breakdown of rocks due to chemicals

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7
Q

Hydraulic action

A

The force of water impacting the rock and forcefully flooding small cracks, breaking down the rocks

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8
Q

Corrosion

A

The process by which chemicals in the water such as carbonic acid dissolve the rock and wash them away

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9
Q

Attrition

A

Particles in a river hit eachother reducing their size

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10
Q

Where do rivers form

A

High in the mountains where gradients are steep, so they flow quickly and erode vertically

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11
Q

Abrasion

A

The process of small rocks and pebbles in the water grinding against rock and wearing it away

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12
Q

Freeze-thaw

A

Weathering sides of valley, breaking rocks and steepening sides

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13
Q

U shaped valleys are formed by

A

Rivers cutting into rocks

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14
Q

Waterfall

A

An erosional feature found in the upper course of a river

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15
Q

Strata

A

Bed of horizontal rock with varying thickness

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16
Q

Differential erosion

A

Softer rock underneath eroded so rock on top collapses

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17
Q

What causes differential erosion

A

Hydraulic action, abrasion, corrosion

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18
Q

Plunge pool

A

Pool formed at bottom of waterfall due to force of water and rocks carried by it

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19
Q

What will happen to overhang after a period of time

A

It will collapse due to lack of support and process will start again

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20
Q

Gorge

A

After a process of repeated erosion, the waterfall retreats into the hillside forming a Gorge

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21
Q

Where are meanders found

A

Middle and lower course of a river

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22
Q

What causes a meander

A

Difference in speed between the inner and outer bank

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23
Q

When do meanders form

A

When a river has to bypass a an obstruction such as a large boulder or rocky outcrop

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24
Q

What is the first stage in the formation of a meander

A

Formation of Riffles and pools

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25
Q

What is a Riffles

A

A shallow area formed along the inner bank of a river

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26
Q

How is a riffle formed

A

The water is slower on the inside or the bend so sediment is deposited and builds up reducing the depth of the water

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27
Q

What is a pool

A

Deeper part of river caused by faster moving water

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28
Q

Helicoidal flow

A

Spiralling current with surface water flowing outwards and sub-surface water flowing inwards

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29
Q

What does the helicodial flow do

A

Creates more erosion and deposition until a river cliff is formed on the outer bank and a slip of slope on the inner

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30
Q

Over the time, what happens to the meander

A

It becomes more and more sinuous and the neck becomes narrower due it erosion until in a period of flooding the river will take the quickest path possible and break the curve

31
Q

After the meander is cut, what happens

A

The water flowing and an oxbow lake is formed

32
Q

Drainage basin

A

The area drained by a river and it’s tributaries

33
Q

Watershed

A

Boundaries of the drainage basin

34
Q

Where does the watershed usually occur

A

On high land as water can only flow downwards

35
Q

Hydrological cycle

A

The process which distributes water in a drainage basin

36
Q

Advection

A

The process of wine moving clouds from over water to land where precipitation occurs

37
Q

Precipitation

A

Rain, the main input to the system

38
Q

Runoff

A

The sum of all the water in the drainage basin that flows of the surface

39
Q

Streamflow

A

Transfer through river Channels

40
Q

Surface flow

A

Water that travels on the surface of the basin

41
Q

Interception

A

The process of plants shielding the ground from precipitation

42
Q

Stem flow

A

When water is intercepted by vegetation and guided to the ground

43
Q

Infiltration

A

The process of water soaking into the soil

44
Q

Soil moisture

A

The retention of water in the soil

45
Q

Throughflow

A

The transfer of water underground

46
Q

Groundwater

A

Water stored in the ground by rock

47
Q

Primary output of a drainage basin

A

The sea

48
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The loss of water from plants to the atmosphere, and the secondary output of water from a drainage basin

49
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The loss of water from plants to the atmosphere, and the secondary output of water from a drainage basin

50
Q

Hydrograph

A

Graph to show how the water in a drainage basin is effected by a storm

51
Q

What does a hydrograph measure

A

Precipitation and discharge rate

52
Q

What is shown by the bar chart

A

Precipitation

53
Q

What is shown by the line graph

A

Discharge

54
Q

What is the unit of precipitation

A

mm

55
Q

Discharge is measured in

A

Cumecs

56
Q

Peak rainfall

A

When rainfall is highest

57
Q

Peak discharge

A

When discharge is highest

58
Q

Lag time

A

Difference between peak rainfall and peak discharge

59
Q

Base flow

A

Dotted line which shows the amount of water which would normally be in the Chanel without a storm

60
Q

Approach segment

A

Flat section of the graph before the rising limb

61
Q

Rising limb

A

Shows amount of water increasing

62
Q

Falling limb

A

Shows amount of water decreasing

63
Q

What happens to Lag time in larger basins

A

It’s longer

64
Q

What happens to falling and rising limb in larger basins

A

It’s shallower

65
Q

What happens to lag time in smaller basins

A

Lag time is shorter

66
Q

What happens to rising and falling limbs in smaller basins

A

They’re steeper

67
Q

In a lower or elongated basin, what happens to the lag time

A

It is longer

68
Q

What happens to rounded basins lag time

A

The lag time is shorter

69
Q

What does permeable rock do

A

Absorb water Resultat on decreased surface flow and smaller peak discharge

70
Q

What happens with impermeable rock

A

No infliltration takes place

71
Q

How does porosity of the soil affect the lag time

A

Porous soils make a longer lag time and dense soils crate a shorter lag time

72
Q

What does urbanisation do to the lag time

A

Make it shorter

73
Q

What does vegetation do to the lag time

A

Elongate it

74
Q

What does deforestation do to the lag time

A

Makes it shorter

Higher Geography (3 decks)

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