Hx NP role & EBP/Research Flashcards
Why was the role of the NP developed and when?
In the early 1960s as a result of physician shortages in the areas of pediatrics
What was the first NP program?
A PNP program, begun in 1964 by Dr. Loretta Ford and Dr. Henry Silver at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
What emphasis did the original NP growth of programs focus on?
Emphasis on ambulatory and outpatient care
The historical service of NPs in primary care resulted in part due to __
FEDERAL funding for preventative and primary care NP education
Why did movement of the NP role expand to the inpatient setting?
As a result of:
- managed care
- hospital restructuring
- decreases in medical residency programs
What 4 expert roles underlie the NP?
- Clinician
- Consultant/collaborator
- Educator
- Researcher
What are the 11 major steps in the research process?
- Formulating the research problem
- Reviewing the lit
- Formulating the hypothesis
- Selecting a research design
- ID the pop to be studied
- Specifying the methods of data collection
- Designing the study
- Conducting the study
- Analyzing the data
- Interpreting the results
- Communicating the findings
What are 3 broad categories of research?
- Nonexperimental
- Experimental
- Qualitative
What is a nonexperimental research design?
A “no experiment” design.
What 2 broad categories of research does a nonexperimental design include?
- descriptive
2. ex post facto/correlational research
What is ex post facto research?
Correlational–examines RELATIONSHIPS amongst variables
Other than descriptive and ex post facto research, what are 3 other types of nonexperimental research?
- cross sectional
- cohort
- longitudinal
What is a cross sectional study?
Study that examines a population v/ a very similar attribute (ie asthma) but differ in one specific variable (ie age)
Designed to find relationships between variables at a specific point in time
ex: surveys
What is a cohort study?
Research study that COMPARES A PARTICULAR OUTCOME (ie lung cancer) in GROUPS of individuals who are alike but differ in certain characteristics (ie female nurses who smoke vs female nurses who do not smoke)
What is a longitudinal study?
Study that involves taking MULTIPLE MEASURES of a group/population over an extended period of time TO FIND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIABLES
What is an experimental study?
Includes experimental manipulation of variables using RANDOMIZATION and a CONTROL GROUP to test the effects of an intervention or experiment
(ex: RCT)
What is a quasi-experimental study?
Research that involves the manipulation of variables but LACKS A COMPARISON GROUP OR RANDOMIZATION
What is qualitative research?
Ex: Case studies, open-ended questions, field studies, participant observation, and ethnographic studies
where observations and interview techniques are used to explore phenomena through detailed descriptions of people, events, situations, or observed behavior
What are 2 problems with qualitative reserach?
- researcher bias is a potential problem
2. generalizability called into question
What does qualitative data produce?
Rich data that cannot be obtained through any other means of research
What is a CI?
An interval, with limits at either end, with a specified probability of including the parameter being estimated
What does a small CI imply?
Very precise range of values
ex: CI 2.8, 3.2: Terminally ill bone ca patients in the final stage of illness have btwn 2.8 and 3.2 episodes of nausea every 24h
What is SD?
Indicates the AVERAGE amount of deviation of values FROM THE MEAN
How much of the sample falls within 1 SD of the mean?
66.6% of the sample
How much of the sample falls within 2 SD of the mean?
95% of the sample
What is the level of significance?
The probability level of which the results of statistical analyses are judged to indicate a statistically significant difference btwn groups
What is Type I error?
“false positive”
The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis
(ie, telling a man you’re pregnant)
What is the p value for statistical significance?
P < 0.05 (indicates that the experimental and control groups are deemed to be statistically significant)
What is a perfect correlation?
A measure of interdependence of 2 random variables that ranges in value from -1 to +1
What does -1 indicate?
A perfect negative correlation
What does 0 indicate?
Absence of a correlation
What does +1 indicate?
A perfect positive correlation
What is a t-test?
a statistical test used to evaluate the differences in MEANS between groups
What is reliability?
the CONSISTENCY of a measurement (ie the degree to which an instrument measures the same way over time with the same subjects)
reflects the estimated repeatability of a measurement
When is a measure considered to be reliable?
If a person’s score on the same test given 2x is similar
How is reliability estimated? (2)
- test/retest
2. internal consistency
What is the test/retest method for estimating reliability?
The more conservative test to est reliability
ie, one should get the same score on exam 1 as one does on exam 2
How does internal consistency estimate reliability?
Estimates reliability by grouping questions in a questionnaire that measure the same concept
(ie writing 2 sets of 3 questions that measure the same concept. after collecting the responses, run a correlation between the 2 groups to determine if the instrument reliably measures that concept)
What is Cronbach’s alpha?
A common way of computing correlation values among the questions on instruments
What mesure of Cronbach’s alpha demonstrates a higher reliability estimate of the instrument?
When the correlation coefficient is closer to 1, it has higher reliability
(optimal is >/= 0.70)
Is Cronbach’s alpha a statistical test?
No, it’s a coefficient of reliability
What is the major difference between test/retest and internal consistency?
The test/retest method requires 2 administrations of the measurement instrument
the internal consistency method involves 1!!
What is validity?
The degree to which a variable measures what it is intended to measure
What is Type II error?
False negative
when one accepts the null hypothesis that is actually false
