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Question 1

What was the most powerful idea of the 1800s?

Answer 1

Nationalism

Nationalism influenced the creation of new countries and the breakup of old ones.

Question 2

How did nationalism affect the balance of power in Europe?

Answer 2

It upset the balance set up at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

Question 3

To whom did nationalists feel loyalty?

Answer 3

Their people who shared common bonds.

Question 4

What are the three types of nationalist movements?

Answer 4

• Unification
• Separation
• State-building

Question 5

Give an example of a unification nationalist movement.

Answer 5

19th-century Germany

Another example is 19th-century Italy.

Question 6

What characterizes a separation nationalist movement?

Answer 6

A culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away.

Question 7

What is state-building in the context of nationalism?

Answer 7

Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture.

Question 8

What empires were affected by nationalism in the 19th century?

Answer 8

• Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs
• Russian Empire of the Romanovs
• Ottoman Empire of the Turks

Question 9

What happened to the Austrian Empire after World War I?

Answer 9

It broke into several nation-states.

Question 10

What policy did the Russian czar implement to maintain control over ethnic diversity?

Answer 10

Russification

Question 11

What was the result of the policy of Russification in the Russian Empire?

Answer 11

It strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped disunify Russia.

Question 12

What significant event occurred in the Ottoman Empire in the mid-1800s?

Answer 12

The Ottomans granted citizenship to the people under their rule.

Question 13

What were the consequences of granting citizenship in the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 13

It angered conservative Turks and caused tensions in the empire.

Question 14

Who led the unification of Italy?

Answer 14

Count Camillo di Cavour

Question 15

What was Cavour’s strategy to unify northern Italy?

Answer 15

He provoked a war with Austria with the help of Napoleon III.

Question 16

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?

Answer 16

A nationalist leader who captured Sicily and wore a red shirt.

Question 17

What was the significance of the Red Shirts in Italian unification?

Answer 17

They were Garibaldi’s forces that contributed to unifying Italy.

Question 18

When did Italy officially become a unified nation?

Answer 18

1870

Question 19

What was Bismarck’s political approach known as?

Answer 19

Realpolitik

Question 20

What did Bismarck believe was necessary to achieve national unity?

Answer 20

Decisions made by blood and iron, rather than speeches and resolutions.

Question 21

What was the Seven Weeks’ War?

Answer 21

A conflict provoked by Bismarck where Prussia defeated Austria in 1866.

Question 22

What was the outcome of the Seven Weeks’ War for Austria?

Answer 22

Austria lost Venetia, which was given to Italy.

Question 23

What was the outcome of the Seven Weeks’ War?

Answer 23

Prussia won a devastating victory over Austria and took control of northern Germany.

Austria lost the region of Venetia, which was given to Italy, and had to accept Prussian annexation of more German territory.

Question 24

What did the North German Confederation consist of?

Answer 24

The remaining states of the north that joined in 1867 under Prussian dominance.

This marked the first significant unification of German states.

Question 25

What was Bismarck's strategy to unify Germany?

Answer 25

He stirred up border conflicts and manufactured incidents to provoke wars, particularly with Austria and France. ## Footnote Bismarck believed external threats would rally support for Prussian leadership.

Question 26

What was the significance of the Franco-Prussian War?

Answer 26

It was the final stage in German unification, leading to the acceptance of Prussian leadership by southern Germans. ## Footnote It culminated in the crowning of King Wilhelm I as kaiser of the German Empire.

Question 27

On what date was King Wilhelm I crowned kaiser of Germany?

Answer 27

January 18, 1871. ## Footnote The ceremony took place at the captured French palace of Versailles.

Question 28

What was the term used for the German Empire established in 1871?

Answer 28

The Second Reich. ## Footnote The Holy Roman Empire was referred to as the First Reich.

Question 29

True or False: Bismarck respected the parliament and constitution of Prussia.

Answer 29

False. ## Footnote Bismarck ignored both in pursuit of his goals.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance over Germany and Europe 'by _______ and iron.'

Answer 30

blood

Question 31

What were the Great Powers established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

Answer 31

Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. ## Footnote They were nearly equal in strength at that time.

Question 32

How did the European balance of power change from 1815 to 1871?

Answer 32

Britain and Germany emerged as the most powerful nations, while Austria and Russia lagged behind. ## Footnote France's position was somewhere in the middle.

Question 33

What role did nationalism play in the unification of Germany?

Answer 33

Nationalism acted as both a unifying and disunifying force. ## Footnote It united Germans under Prussian leadership but also created resistance from southern German states.

Question 34

What was the impact of the wars of the mid-1800s on the Great Powers?

Answer 34

They significantly strengthened Prussia, leading to the formation of Germany. ## Footnote By 1871, this shift altered the balance of power in Europe.

Question 35

What was Bismarck's approach to governance compared to liberals who wanted government by elected parliaments?

Answer 35

Bismarck ignored parliamentary processes and the constitution to achieve his goals. ## Footnote This approach was different from the liberal desire for democratic governance.

Question 36

What was the strategic significance of the territories controlled by Prussia in 1865?

Answer 36

Prussia's territory was fragmented, impacting its military and political strategies. ## Footnote The unification process aimed to consolidate these territories.