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Natural Hazards > Hurticanes > Flashcards

Hurticanes Flashcards

1
Q

What are hurricanes

A

Severe tropical storms with wind speeds over 119km/h.

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2
Q

Where do hurricanes form

A

At latttydes of 5-30* N or S where wind erosion and sea surface temps are high enough

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3
Q

What conditions do hurricanes need

A

26.5* in too 60m of the ocean to have enough evaporation. Need Coriolis force - minimum at equator and max at poles.

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4
Q

How many hurricanes occur each year

A

45

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5
Q

What at ehyrricanes called in SE Asia

A

Typhoons

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6
Q

What are hurricanes called in Asutrialia and Indian Ocean

A

Tropical cyclones

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7
Q

Why might some hurricanes not cause disaster

A

Might not make landfall

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8
Q

Where do hurricanes form

A

North Atlantic by Africa and head towards America

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9
Q

What is the typhoon naming system

A

14 nations the the west Pacific each submit 10 names to a single list of 140 names.
Names are derived from many sources including people, animals. Birds, plants, landscapes, food, religion and astronomy

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10
Q

What is the positive feedback loop for hurricanes

A 
Wind blow a over warm ocean.
Sucks up heat and water vapour.
Warm moist air rises.
Water vapour condenses to form clouds.
Condensation releases latent heat fueling updraft.
Causes air to expand and rise more.
Decreases air pressure at the surface.
Increased wind speed.
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11
Q

What fuels a strong updraft

A

Latent heat means cloud is warmed and rises with more expansion

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12
Q

Why do hurricanes increase wind speed

A

Low pressure system sucks in air horizontally from all again which creates Wilde

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13
Q

What is the behaviour of hurricanes

A

Take several hours or days to form.
Lasts for days or weeks.
Travel several thousands of miles in erratic path.
Decay after passing over cool water or land.

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14
Q

Where do hurricanes usually move away from

A

The equator in curved paths

South -> north in northern hemisphere

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15
Q

What are the parts of the hurricane

A 
Inflow
Outflow
Eye 
Eyeball
Rainbands
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16
Q

What is the structure of the inflow and outflow in the northern hemisphere

A

Inflow is anti clockwise (near sea level)

Outflow is clockwise (altitude of 9km)

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17
Q

What is the eye

A

Innermost 30-50km, calm, clear skies, low air pressure, low wind speed, dry air descending.

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18
Q

What is the eyewall

A

Zone 16-40km wide, extremely turbulent, rainfall and wind speeds at a max

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19
Q

What is rainbands

A

Zones of intense rainfall, wind speeds progressively decrease towards edge of storm

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20
Q

What is the average diameter of hurricanes

A

600km but can differ

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21
Q

What categorised hurricanes wind velocity

A

Saphir Simpson scale - 5 categories and 1 is the least intense. Wine velocity in dresses down scale. Category 4 is 100km or intense windspeed

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22
Q

What is the storm centre velocity

A

Speed of entire storm

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23
Q

What is the typical storm centre velocity

A

40-60km/h but can rescue to 0 if hurricane stalls, can exceed 100km/h particularly at high latitudes

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24
Q

What is the hurricane wind velocity

A

Speed of rotating winds within hurricane

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25
Q

What is the minimum hurricane wind velocity

A

119km/h, below this is the Beaufort scale

26
Q

What is the maximum hurricane wind velocity

A

Over 259km/h

27
Q

Where is the intensity the strongest

A

Where storm centre velocity and hurricane wind velocity are in the same direction

28
Q

For a northward travelling hurricane in the northern hemisphere where is the highest intensity

A

On the eastern side bc motion of hurricane is generated clockwise at top so goes notth-east

29
Q

What are the hazards in a hurricane

A

Storm surges.
Heavy rainfall.
Strong winds.

30
Q

What are storm surges

A

Broad swell of sea causes by low pressure and strong winds.

31
Q

When can storm surges begin damaging coastal areas

A

Resulting flooding and heavy waves can begin damaging 6-12 hours before landfall

32
Q

What is the biggest threat to life and property in coastal areas during hurricanes

A

Storm surges.

33
Q

What does the saphir Simpson scale say about storm surges

A

1 - 1m high

5 - 5.5m high

34
Q

Example of storm surge

A

Bangladesh 1970. 300,000 died.

New Orleans hurricane Katrina 2005. 1,000 died.

New York Hurricane Sandy 2012.

35
Q

What are the two components of storm surges

A

Wind driven surge and pressure driven surge (5%). Water piles up causing the surge - high tide makes it worse

36
Q

How much is heavy rainfall

A

Typically 15-40cm in a few hours

37
Q

What can heavy rainfall induce

A

Dash floods inland and devastating mudslides in mountainous regions e.g hurricane Mitch in Central America

38
Q

How are strong winds a hazard

A

Cause buildings to collapse and debris to be whirled around.

Tornadoes can also be spawned.

39
Q

What are the ways to reduce vulnerability

A

Forecasting and monitoring.

Wind and storm surge defences.

40
Q

Example of forecasting and monitoring for hurricanes

A

NOAA national hurricane centre in Florida which has a high hurricane risk

41
Q

How does the NOAA national hurricane centre work

A

Detect hurricanes as they form, using satellite images.
Issue hurricane watch alert and monitor closely.
Analyse observation data from land, sea, aircraft and sarelittes.
Put into physical and statistical models.
Hurricane warning warning.

42
Q

How long is a hurricane water

A

48h before landfall

43
Q

Why do you have to analyse hurricanes

A

Bexausedont know where it’s going to go

44
Q

What kinda of observational data do you analyse

A

Air pressure
Temp
Humidity
Wind speed

Can measure evaporation rate, size of condensation cloud, size of storm system to try and forecast

45
Q

Example of aircraft used to analyse hurricanes

A

Hurricane hunter aircraft using drop songs to figure out wind speed.

46
Q

How to know which hurricane formed first

A

Alphabetical order and usually moving across the Atlantic from east-west and slightly south-north

47
Q

What do physical and statistical models predict

A

Path, landfall and height of storm surges

48
Q

Company that looks at storm surges

A

Slosh - sea lake and overland surges from hurricanes

49
Q

When is a hurricane warning

A

Usually 24-36 hours before landfall to initiate evacuation and others things

50
Q

What does a 72 hour forecast have margin or error of

A

160km

51
Q

Wat does a 24 hr forecast gave a margin of error of

A

65km

52
Q

What does a 24 hour warning increase

A

Accurate and minimises unnecessary evacuation

53
Q

Example of a hurricane with a model and slosh map 3 years before it hit

A

Hurricane sandy

54
Q

Was the slosh map useful for hurricane sandy

A

It kinda matched by saying the area near Brooklyn has the biggest storm site of 8.9

55
Q

What are the wind and storm surge degrees

A

Natural defences
Ariticixla defences
Building regulations

56
Q

What are natural defences

A

Wild beaches
High dunes
Mangroves
Natural protection for those behind but not all coasts have these features

57
Q

What are artificial defences

A

Raised mounds
Concrete shelters
Sea walls
Flood barriers

58
Q

What are the building regulations

A

Structure elevated and designed to withstand high winds

59
Q

Examples of building regulations

A

Rounded walls and pitches roofs to promote wind flow around the structure.
Anchor bikes between foundations, walls and roofs.
Cross bracing.
Shutters on windows.

60
Q

Example of building regulations

A

Elevated storm surge shelters constructed in Bangladesh after w devastating cyclone in 1970 where 500,000 died. 2 or 3 storeys high so mobility issue. No toilet or food. Temporary while worst part of the hurricane is hitting

Natural Hazards (7 decks)

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