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The GI System > Hunger & Satiety > Flashcards

Hunger & Satiety Flashcards

1
Q

The hunger and satiety centre of the brain is

A

hypothalamus

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2
Q

The only organ to secrete a hormone stimulating hunger is what and what does it secrete?

A

stomach - ghrelin

stimulates hypothalamus

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3
Q

Food in the intestine stimulates which hormones to suppress appetite

A

cholecystokinin (CKK)
PYY
CLP-1

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4
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete to inhibit appetite?

A

leptin in response to fat intake/storage

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5
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to inhibit appetite?

A

insulin in response to carb and protein intake

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6
Q

What is pernicious anaemia and what do the RBCs look like?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency causing megoblastic RBCs (large and immature) and a drop in RBC count

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7
Q

Treatment for pernicious anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 supplements

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8
Q

Causes of pernicious anaemia

A

PPI

Gastrectomy

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9
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

SOB, paleness, fatigue

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10
Q

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

A

iron deficiency resulting in low haemoglobin, paler looking RBCs, and reduced RBC count

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11
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Iron malabsorption or insufficiency in diet, gastrectomy, PPIs

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12
Q

What happens in terms of pancreatic hormones in starvation?

A

Glucagon increases

Insulin decreases

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13
Q

What 2 processes does the increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin stimulate in starvation?

A

gluconeogenesis

ketogenesis

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14
Q

Besides glycogen break down, what are the sources used by the liver to make glucose in gluconeogenesis in starvation?

A

amino acids from protein breakdown in muscle
amino acids > glucose

Glycerol from triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue
glycerol > glucose

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15
Q

Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids and gycerol. Which processes are each of these products used in by the liver?

A

glycerol > glucose

fatty acids > ketone body

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16
Q

What happens to villi in starvation and what are the consequences?

A

Decreasing calorie intake decreases the rate of cell growth > villi are rebuilt less quickly – villus atrophy

Decreased surface area for absorption results in decreased absorption of nutrients

Leads to diarrhoea (steatorrhoea) → deficiencies and ↑malnourishment

Decreased intake of fat calories > decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

17
Q

Compare the effect of glucose and fructose on appetite

A

fructose doesn’t stimulate insulin secretion so you eat more.

glucose stimulates insulin secretion which suppresses appetite

fructose stimulates lipogenesis more than glucose

18
Q

BMI =

A

mass (KG)/height (m2)

Height dependent measure of weight

19
Q

Normal BMI

A

18.5-25

20
Q

Overweight BMI

A

25-30

21
Q

Obese BMI

A

> 30

22
Q

Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat accumulation to an extent that increases the risk of complicating diseases, these include…

A 
CVD
Diabetes 
Cancer 
Hypertension
Joint damage
GORD
PCOS
Stroke 
Hyperlipidemia 
Fertility probelms 
ETC...
23
Q

What are the limitations of BMI as a measure

A

Does not distinguish fat from lean tissue or water

Does not identify a particular site of fat accumulation – which can have serious metabolic consequences…

24
Q

What is a method of visualizing body fat which separates body mass into fat-free and fat mass regions

A

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans

25
Q

How does waist-hip ratio relate to health risks

A

Where fat is deposited in the body governs insulin sensitivity

Visceral adiposity (apple shaped person - more weight around the waist) puts you at greater risk of type II diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, CVD than subcutaneous adiposity (pear shaped person - more weight around the hips)

26
Q

What drug can be given to decrease calorie absorption in obese people?

A

Orlistat (inhibits pancreatic lipase)

27
Q

What drug can be given to inhibit appetite in obese people?

A

Sibutramine (Merida) – acts on brain, inhibit neurotransmitter, suppress appetite

28
Q

Aside from drugs what treatment options are available for obese people?

A

calorie restricted diet - low fat and carb
bariatric surgery
non-surgical - gastric balloon (obalon)

29
Q

Via which routes can a patient be given oral supplementation (nutrient fluid in conjunction with meals)

A

Nutrition can be enteral (directly into GIT) or parenteral (via a vein)

The GI System (13 decks)

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