Hunger & Satiety Flashcards

1
Q

The hunger and satiety centre of the brain is

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The only organ to secrete a hormone stimulating hunger is what and what does it secrete?

A

stomach - ghrelin

stimulates hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Food in the intestine stimulates which hormones to suppress appetite

A

cholecystokinin (CKK)
PYY
CLP-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does adipose tissue secrete to inhibit appetite?

A

leptin in response to fat intake/storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the pancreas secrete to inhibit appetite?

A

insulin in response to carb and protein intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is pernicious anaemia and what do the RBCs look like?

A

vitamin B12 deficiency causing megoblastic RBCs (large and immature) and a drop in RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment for pernicious anaemia?

A

vitamin B12 supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of pernicious anaemia

A

PPI

Gastrectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

SOB, paleness, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is iron deficiency anaemia?

A

iron deficiency resulting in low haemoglobin, paler looking RBCs, and reduced RBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Iron malabsorption or insufficiency in diet, gastrectomy, PPIs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens in terms of pancreatic hormones in starvation?

A

Glucagon increases

Insulin decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 2 processes does the increase in glucagon and decrease in insulin stimulate in starvation?

A

gluconeogenesis

ketogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Besides glycogen break down, what are the sources used by the liver to make glucose in gluconeogenesis in starvation?

A

amino acids from protein breakdown in muscle
amino acids > glucose

Glycerol from triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue
glycerol > glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Triglycerides are broken down to fatty acids and gycerol. Which processes are each of these products used in by the liver?

A

glycerol > glucose

fatty acids > ketone body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens to villi in starvation and what are the consequences?

A

Decreasing calorie intake decreases the rate of cell growth > villi are rebuilt less quickly – villus atrophy

Decreased surface area for absorption results in decreased absorption of nutrients

Leads to diarrhoea (steatorrhoea) → deficiencies and ↑malnourishment

Decreased intake of fat calories > decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

17
Q

Compare the effect of glucose and fructose on appetite

A

fructose doesn’t stimulate insulin secretion so you eat more.

glucose stimulates insulin secretion which suppresses appetite

fructose stimulates lipogenesis more than glucose

18
Q

BMI =

A

mass (KG)/height (m2)

Height dependent measure of weight

19
Q

Normal BMI

20
Q

Overweight BMI

21
Q

Obese BMI

22
Q

Obesity is a condition of excessive body fat accumulation to an extent that increases the risk of complicating diseases, these include…

A
CVD
Diabetes 
Cancer 
Hypertension
Joint damage
GORD
PCOS
Stroke 
Hyperlipidemia 
Fertility probelms 
ETC...
23
Q

What are the limitations of BMI as a measure

A

Does not distinguish fat from lean tissue or water

Does not identify a particular site of fat accumulation – which can have serious metabolic consequences…

24
Q

What is a method of visualizing body fat which separates body mass into fat-free and fat mass regions

A

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans

25
How does waist-hip ratio relate to health risks
Where fat is deposited in the body governs insulin sensitivity Visceral adiposity (apple shaped person - more weight around the waist) puts you at greater risk of type II diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, CVD than subcutaneous adiposity (pear shaped person - more weight around the hips)
26
What drug can be given to decrease calorie absorption in obese people?
Orlistat (inhibits pancreatic lipase)
27
What drug can be given to inhibit appetite in obese people?
Sibutramine (Merida) – acts on brain, inhibit neurotransmitter, suppress appetite
28
Aside from drugs what treatment options are available for obese people?
calorie restricted diet - low fat and carb bariatric surgery non-surgical - gastric balloon (obalon)
29
Via which routes can a patient be given oral supplementation (nutrient fluid in conjunction with meals)
Nutrition can be enteral (directly into GIT) or parenteral (via a vein)