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Humoral Immunity and Immunoglobulin Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral immunity is a __________ immune response.

A

Antibody mediated

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2
Q

Humoral immunity is part of the _____ immunity together with _____ response.

A

A. Specific immunity

B. Cell-mediated response

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of humoral immunity?

A
  1. Non-specific immunity fails
  2. Specific immune responses are activated
  3. B cells and plasma cells synthesize antibodies
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4
Q

What are the humoral innate responses?

A

A. Production of interferons
B. Activation of complement
C. Production of cytokines

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5
Q

Discuss production of interferons.

A
  1. Triggered by viral infections
  2. Produces interferons (IFN-a and IFN-B)
  3. Interferes with viral replication
  4. Enhance natural killer cell activity
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6
Q

Give examples of cytokines.

A

IL-1

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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7
Q

What are the effects of production of cytokines?

A
  1. Fever
  2. Attraction of inflammatory cells into areas of infection (chemotaxis)
  3. Increases steroid production
  4. Transmigration of neutrophils from blood vessels to sites of infection
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8
Q

What is the primary molecular component of the humoral adaptive response?

A

Antibody

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9
Q

What are the accessory processes that accompany antibody production?

A
  1. Th2 activation and cytokine production
  2. Germinal center formation
  3. Isotype switching
  4. Maturation and memory cell generation
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10
Q

Antibodies are _____ proteins produced by _____ cells.

A
  1. Antigen specific proteins

2. Plasma cells

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11
Q

Antibodies belong to _____ superfamily.

A

Immunoglobulin

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12
Q

Antibodies are located in _____.

A

Blood and extravascular tissues, secretions and excretions.

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13
Q

Antibodies bind to _____.

A

Pathogenic microorganism and their toxins in extracellular compartments

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14
Q

Antibodies is secreted in the form of _____.

A

Immunoglobulins

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15
Q

What are the antimicrobial actions of antibodies?

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Activation of complement
  4. Agglutinate bacteria
  5. Immobilize mobile bacteria
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16
Q

What is the direct inactivation of pathogen?

A

Neutralization

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17
Q

This is coating of pathogens for more efficient phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

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18
Q

This is more efficient phagocytosis due to direct killing.

A

Activation of complement

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19
Q

Describe the structure of immunoglobulin.

A

Y-shaped structure consists of 4 polypeptides - 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

Fab fragment (antigen-binding fragment)

Fc region (crystallizable region)

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20
Q

It consists of constant and variable domain of heavy and light chain.

A

Fab fragment

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21
Q

It functions for the biological activity mediation.

A

Fc region

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22
Q

What are the types of light chains?

A

K (kappa), λ (lambda)

Only one type in any one immunoglobulin molecule

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23
Q

What are the types of heavy chain?

A

γ (gamma), μ (mu), α (alpha), δ (delta), ε (epsilon)

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24
Q

Separate pool of genes on different chromosomes that code for the chains:

λ - _____
κ - _____
Heavy chain family - _____

A

A. Chromosome 22
B. Chromosome 2
C. Chromosome 14

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25
VL is encoded by _____
V and J gene segments
26
VH is encoded by _____.
V, D, and J gene segments
27
It refers to the molecular weight.
Heavy and light chains
28
What are the two types of disulfide bonds?
1. Interchain disulfide bonds | 2. Intrachain disulfide bonds
29
A disulfide bond that holds the heavy chain and light chain.
Interchain disulfide bonds
30
A disulfide bond within each of the polypeptide chain.
Intrachain disulfide bonds
31
Variable and constant region is composed of _____.
Three-dimensional folded repeating segments (domains)
32
L chain consists of _____.
One variable and constant chain
33
H chain is composed of _____.
One variable and three constant domains
34
Where is variable region located?
Found in the amino terminal and contain the antigen binding site (VL + VH)
35
Where is constant region located?
Found in carboxy terminal Responsible for complement activation and binding to cell surface receptors
36
What are the five immunoglobulin classes?
``` IgG IgM IgA IgD IgE ```
37
This is referred to as the immunoglobulin classes and subclasses.
Isotypes
38
IgA and IgM have an additional peptide.
J chain
39
Dimeric IgA have an additional component.
Secretory piece
40
The first antibody produced versus antigen challenge.
IgM
41
IgM is produced in a _____ manner.
T-independent
42
It is the largest and 5-10% of the total immunoglobulins in the adult.
IgM
43
Half life of IgM is _____.
5 days
44
How is IgM bounded together as a pentamer?
It is bound together by disulfide bonds and J-chain.
45
What are the functions of IgM?
1. Best fixer of the complement 2. Predominant in acute infection and disappears after acute stage of infection 3. Acts as antigen receptor on B cells 4. Major component of rheumatoid factors
46
It is the most abundant of all immunoglobulins in the adult.
IgG
47
Half life of IgG:
23 days (longest)
48
The production of IgG is _____.
T cell dependent
49
What are the functions of IgG?
1. Crosses the placenta 2. Principal immunoglobulin in booster and anamnestic response 3. High binding capacity for antigens, fixes complement, stimulates chemotaxis and acts as opsonin 4. Major defense against bacteria and viruses 5. Predominant in chronic infections
50
IgA is _____ in serum, while _____ in secretions.
1. Monomer | 2. Dimer or trimer
51
It is the most abundant immunoglobulin in external body secretions.
IgA
52
It is also known as the reaginic antibody.
IgE
53
Most of the IgE are bound through _____ on _____. These are receptors for _____.
1. Fc receptors 2. Mast cells 3. Allergens and parasitic infections
54
What is the function of IgD?
It has no biologic activity but it serves as surface marker for B cells.
55
When does primary immune response occur?
Occurs on first encounter with the antigen
56
Which has a longer response time: Primary or secondary immune response?
Primary immune response
57
What is the predominant immunoglobulin in primary immune response?
IgM
58
When does secondary immune response occur?
Occurs on re-exposure to the same antigen
59
Other term for secondary immune response
Booster response
60
Predominant immunoglobulin in secondary immune response:
IgG
61
Shorter response time: Primary or secondary immune response
Secondary immune response

Microbiology (4 decks)

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