Humanities Flashcards
Involuntary Migration: Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
- Started in the 16th century and ended in the 19th century
- 10-12 million slaves were transported aceoss the atlantic ocean to the Americas
- Portugese ships were transporting slaves int the 1480s for sugar plantations in the Cape Verde and Madiera islands
- Slave labor rose sharply in the 17th century
- The largest number of slaves were taken during the 18th century
- European slave trade owners became the forefront of the slave trading,
- They took most of their cargo from Senegal and Nigel
- The middle passage was known for its abuse of slaves
- Hundreds of africans were chained together under the ship for a 5,000 mils jouirney in unsanitary and overcrowded conditions
- Were aloowed to go on the upper decks for a few hours each day
- 15 to 25 percent of the African slaves bound for the Americas died aboard slave ships
- After waiting two decadees the American congresss outlawed slavery in 1861, even though It was enacted in 1808 with little to no dissent
- Great Britain outlawed slavery in 1833
- Brazil outlawed the slave trade in 1850, but the smuggling of new slaves into Brazil did not end entirely until the country finally enacted emancipation in 1888.
Voluntary Migration: The Great Migration
General
• Relocation of more the 6 million black people
• From the rural south to the north, west and Midwest
• 1916-1970
Causes
• Caused by harsh segregation laws and awful economic oppurtunities
• The north gad a need for industrial workers since world war one
• Wages in the north were triple of that in the south for blacks
• White supremacy was restored after the civil war and the reconstruction era in the 1870s
• The kkk continued to target black people underground even after they were disbanded
• Black codes were used to restrict the freedoms of blacks and increase their availability for cheap labor
• The first world war put on end to the steady immigration of Europeans to the US
• Black newspapers such as Chicago Defender advertised the opportunities in the north
Effects
• Since there were rising house tensions due to the immigration of blacks, many black people started to create cities of their own, fostering a new urban African American culture
• The most prominent example was Harlem in New York City, a formerly all-white neighborhood that by the 1920s housed some 200,000 African Americans.
• The black experience gave way to the artistic New Negro movement
• Later became the Harlem Renaissance
• began a new era of increasing political activism among African Americans who were disenfranchised in the south
• the migration ended in 1970
• in 1900, nine out of every 10 black Americans lived in the South, and three out of every four lived on farms,
• by 1970 the South was home to less than half of the country’s African-Americans, with only 25 percent living in the region’s rural areas.
Super Power: Ancient Egypt
• Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world.
• The most influential of the river valley civilizations
• The pyramids are the last seven wonders of the world still standing
• Lasted from 3000 BCE to 332 BCE
• The Nile shaped the world’s view of ancient egpyt
Predynastic Period
• C. 5000-3100 B.C.
• Neolithic communities in northeast Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture
• Made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.)
• began with the third dynasty of pharaohs
• Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for him;
• the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis
• Pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo.
• Built for Khufu (or Cheops, in Greek), who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C., the pyramid was later named by classical historians as one of the ancient world’s Seven Wonders.
• On the heels of the old kingdom’s collapse, the seventh and eighth dynasties consisted of rapid succession of Memphis based rulers and until about 2160 BC
• Central authority completely dissolved
• Led to civil war between provincial governors
• Intensified by the invasion of the Bedouin
• In addition famine and disease
• Two different kingdom emerged, splitting up Egypt
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MIDDLE KINGDOM: 12TH DYNASTY (C. 2055-1786 B.C.)
• During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt once again flourished, as it had during the Old Kingdom.
• Middle-Kingdom Egypt pursued an aggressive foreign policy, colonizing Nubia (with its rich supply of gold, ebony, ivory and other resources) and repelling the Bedouins who had infiltrated Egypt during the First Intermediate Period.
• The kingdom also built diplomatic and trade relations with Syria, Palestine and other countries; undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries; and returned to pyramid-building in the tradition of the Old Kingdom.
• The Middle Kingdom reached its peak under Amenemhet III (1842-1797 B.C.); its decline began under Amenenhet IV (1798-1790 B.C.) and continued under his sister and regent, Queen Sobekneferu (1789-1786 B.C.), who was the first confirmed female ruler of Egypt and the last ruler of the 12th dynasty.
NEW KINGDOM (C. 1567-1085 B.C.)
• Egypt was reunited under the first king of the 18th dynasty ahmose 1
• Restored control over nubia
• Began military campaigns in Palestine
• The country went on to establish the world’s first great empire, stretching from Nubia to the Euphrates River in Asia.
• In the mid-fourth century B.C., the Persians again attacked Egypt, reviving their empire under Ataxerxes III in 343 B.C. Barely a decade later, in 332 B.C., Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeated the armies of the Persian Empire and conquered Egypt.
• Six centuries of Roman rule followed, during which Christianity became the official religion of Rome and its provinces (including Egypt). The conquest of Egypt by the Arabs in the seventh century A.D. and the introduction of Islam would do away with the last outward aspects of ancient Egyptian culture and propel the country towards its modern incarnation.
Cold War
Called the cold war because it never heated up to actual armed conflict
The US and Russia fought together in WWII
The US
Renaissance
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Enlightenment
innovation of ideology
Civil Rights Movement
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