Humanities

Question 1

Long Term Impacts of Malaria

Answer 1

Economic butterfly effect, both individual and community. Parasite immunity to treatment.

Question 2

Short Term Impacts of Malaria

Answer 2

Illness, death, loss of income, loss of job, daily life disturbance.

Question 3

What is the double burden of disease

Answer 3

The rise of both communicable AND non-communicable disease

Question 4

Herd immunity’s relation to R Naught Value

Answer 4

The amount of people required to receive vaccines to develop herd immunity is heavily dependent on the disease’s R Naught value.

Question 5

What is the Epidemiological Triad

Answer 5

The Host, Agent, and Environment

Question 6

What is Susceptibility

Answer 6

Susceptibility is how vulnerable someone is to a disease.

Question 7

How can the spread of disease be reduced through the Epidemiological triad?

Answer 7

Intervening at a point in the triad. For example, anti-biotics to kill the agent, creating immunity in the host, and creating sanitary environments.

Question 8

How does herd immunity help control an outbreak, when might it not?

Answer 8

Herd immunity protects those more vulnerable and susceptible to a disease by preventing their exposure to infectious people. This however might not work due to societal sub-groups. For example, measles and chickenpox outbreaks in a kindergarten or nursing home.

Question 9

Epidemiology definition

Answer 9

Epidemiology is the study of disease.

Question 10

What is the epidemiological transition model

Answer 10

The epidemiological transition model consists of 3 stages:
1. Famine and Pestilence
2. Receding Pandemics
3. Degenerative disease

Question 11

Explain the famine and pestilence stage

Answer 11

The famine and pestilence stage involves the immense outbreak of infectious disease and high mortality rate.

Question 12

Explain the Receding Pandemics stage

Answer 12

Mortality rates decrease and the average life expectancy increases. Pandemics are not as large due to better health care.

Question 13

Explain the Degenerative Disease Stage

Answer 13

Due to the high life expectancy of a community, non-infectious diseases are the main causes of death. These include diseases related to age like Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 14

What are the categories of disease that change in prevalence according to the epidemiological transition

Answer 14

Infectious disease, non-communicable disease, degenerative disease.

Question 15

What are hazard zones

Answer 15

Hazard zones are places with risk of harm.

Question 16

What is the relationship between hazard zones and development?

Answer 16

Hazard zones are more prevalent in less developed countries as there is less developed infrastructure and resources to fix previous hazards and prevent future hazards.

Question 17

Describe disease hazard zones

Answer 17

Disease hazard zones are places that have a high risk of disease due to environmental factors, social, or biological factors. For example, malaria and dengue fever are prevalent in Africa as there is less health care and lots of hot weather.

Question 18

How is the R Naught Value calculated

Answer 18

Calculated based on the infectious duration, mode of transmission, and expected contact rate.

Question 19

Endemic definition

Answer 19

If a disease is endemic, it means it is highly prevalent in a specific area.

Question 20

Temporal Pattern definition

Answer 20

Temporal patterns refer to the patterns of disease in relation to time. For example, the cold in Winter, malaria in summer.

Question 21

Spatial Pattern definition

Answer 21

Spatial patterns refer to the geographical and environmental patterns of disease prevalence. For example, cholera is more prevalent in areas with lower sanitation.

Question 22

Ideal Cholera environment

Answer 22

Cholera lives in water. In places where water quality is poor, cholera is more likely to be present.

Question 23

Biological Processes and Anthropogenic Processes impact on ecological hazards

Answer 23

Wildfires and drought. Air and water pollution from production factories.

Question 24

Difference between non-communicable disease and degenerative disease?

Answer 24

A non-communicable disease is any disease that cannot be transmitted from person to person. Degenerative diseases involve the gradual deterioration of the body’s tissues or organs.