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INTP371 > Humanitarian Intervention and Responsibility to Protect > Flashcards

Humanitarian Intervention and Responsibility to Protect Flashcards

1
Q

Define Humanitarian Intervention

A

“External coercive military involvement in the affairs of a sovereign state, to prevent or stop grave human rights violations, war crimes or crimes against humanity”

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2
Q

Define Responsibility to Protect

A

“A global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the UN at the 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.” It is essentially the current version of Humanitarian Intervention

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3
Q

Define Norm

A

“A shared expectation of appropriate behavior for a given identity” (Katzanstein) essentially what is expected in a given situation or by a given person

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4
Q

What are the 4 key issues regarding Humanitarian intervention?

A
  • Does it require the consent of the affected state?
  • Is it the same as peacekeeping?
  • Is it the same as humanitarian assistance?
  • Is it legal? Morality vs legality what wins?
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5
Q

Grotius

A

HI= the sovereign has the right of intervention as a policing measure among sovereigns

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6
Q

Teson

A

HI is legitimate due to the moral importance of defending the rights of the oppressed- the state is embedded in a moral world

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7
Q

Wolff

A

HI is illegitimate, states have the absolute right to non-intervention

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8
Q

Vettel

A

HI is illegitimate due to the potential for moral claims to intervention to be abused

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9
Q

Chesterman

A

Accepts HI on a moral basis but argues it is always outside of international law i.e. a crime that can be forgiven for its moral rightness

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10
Q

Nicholas Wheeler

A

HI is morally right if it meets the requirements for just war
-just cause (‘supreme humanitarian emergency’)
-last resort (confidence they have explored all other options)
-proportionality (raises issue of what is a legitimate target)
-high chance of success
Need to make an actual decision about it though and not just leave it open to interpretation
Still just even if some elements of self interest
Ethics should trump legality, should try get UNSC approval but not issue if can’t -> norm of HI existed prior to UN

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11
Q

Historic argument in favor of HI

A

HI is nothing new so just continue what we are doing e.g. Wars of Religion and Scramble for Africa

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12
Q

UN Charter Article 2 (4)

A

Can’t threaten or use force against a territory or state if it is inconsistent with the UN’s purposes

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13
Q

UN Charter Article 2 (7)

A

No reason to intervene in domestic jurisdiction except under those stated in Chapter VII

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14
Q

Chapter VII of the UN Charter

A

Security Council to decide what measures to take if conflict or HR breaches break out somewhere, with their approval you can use force

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15
Q

How did R2P emerge?

A

From Kosovo and the earlier notion of HI

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16
Q

Key differences between R2P and HI

A

R2P doesn’t employ the earlier “right of HI” language but instead focuses on the need to protect the vulnerable.
This was further refined at WSO in 2005 to focus on prevention

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17
Q

What is the key frame work for R2P

A
  • Just cause
  • Right intention
  • Last resort
  • ability to work around veto-> this was later changed to need approval c. 2005
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18
Q

WSO 2005 R2P

A
  • responsibility lies with teh soverign state
  • International community has teh responsibility to help states protect civilians
  • When the state fails to do so teh international community can intervene
  • but only in the case of 4 crimes: genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, war crimes
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19
Q

The first pillar of R2P

A

The State has responsibility to its people, this includes encouraging diversity but managing differences and ensuring respect for human rights

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20
Q

The second pillar of R2P

A

International COmmunity has teh responsibility to assist the state to meet its obligations. This can include: capacity building, election observers, providing an early warning, mediation and aiding in dispute resolution

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21
Q

The Third Pillar of R2P

A

International community has the responsibility to take ‘timely and decisive action’ when states fail in their responsibilities

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22
Q

Libya 2011

A

Arab Spring Protests, these were repressed by force such as airstrikes against the rebel groups making the violence grow

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23
Q

What did Gaddafi say about the people of Benghazi?

A

He threatened violence calling them “scumbags, germs, and rats”

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24
Q

UN resolution 1970

A

Condemned the Gaddafi regime in Libya

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25
Q

UN resolution 1973

A

Libya: Took all measures to protect civilians, no-fly zone, but no occupying forces (passed 10-5-0)

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26
Q

What did NATO do in Libya as a result of UN res. 1973

A
  • employed airstrikes against armor vehicles and other targets
  • The Libyan government did not manage to do anything to stop NATO
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27
Q

When did the fighting in Libya end?

A

With Gaddafi’s death in late Oct 2011

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28
Q

Syria 2011

A

Protests against Bashar al-Assad grow into rebellion

All sides committing atrocities

29
Q

How Many people had been killed in Syria since the beginning of 2014 as a result of the protests?

A

-130,000

30
Q

How many people were displaced as a result of the Syrian protests?

A

11 million displaced

  1. 8 million to neighboring countries
  2. 5 million needing humanitarian assistance
31
Q

Name the attack in which the Syrian government used Sarin against its people

A

The 2013 Ghouta attacks

32
Q

what did the two UN resolutions that condemned the Assad regime in Syria do?

A

Feb 2012 res. Condemned Assad
July 2012 res. proposed threatening economic sanctions on the Assad government, however, this was vetoed by China and Russia

33
Q

When did the Rwandan Patriotic Front invade Rwanda? What were they unhappy with?

A

Oct 1, 1990

Unhappy with the Hutu-led govt and the treatment of Tutsi refugees

34
Q

What occurred on 6 April 1994 that began the Rwanndan genocide?

A

The Rwandan President’s plane was shot down

35
Q

How many people were killed over the 100 days the Rwandan genocide lasted?

A

500,000-1,000,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu

36
Q

HI and Rwandan genocide

A

No international intervention

37
Q

Kosovo War

A

March 1998-June 1999

War fought between Federal Republic Yugoslavia and the rebel group Kosovo Liberation Army

38
Q

How many people were killed as a result of the retribution campaign against the KLA?

A

1,500-2,000 civilians and KLA combatants

39
Q

How many civilians were killed as a result of NATO bombings at Kosovo?

A

at least 488 Yugoslav civilians

40
Q

What motivated NATO intervention at Kosovo?

A

human rights abuses including attacking of civilian towns, executions, forced disappearances, organ trafficking. This included children as victims. The abuses were mainly committed by Serbian police and the Yugoslavian Army

41
Q

What ir theory is key when considering norms?

A

Constructivism as it explains how norms operate at the international level

42
Q

What ir theory does the idea of norms go against and why?

A

realist notions of the state always acting out of self-interest

43
Q

What is the Importance of Transnational Advocate Networks?

A

key in creating or changing norms as they bridge the international/domestic divide and aid in the understanding of the “distant other”

44
Q

TANs

A

Transnational Advocate Networks

45
Q

Are TANs a new phenomenon?

A

No but their existence is quantitatively different as more than 5800 INGOs exist today

46
Q

How can the proliferation of TANs be explained

A

spread of democracy, growing international interconnections and the proliferation of information technology

47
Q

What are the 4 sets of tactics used by TANs according to Keck and Sikkink?

A
  • Information Politics
  • Symbolic politics
  • leverage politics
  • accountability politics
48
Q

Information politics

A
  • a method used by TANs
  • aid in understanding and making an issue and issue
  • framing
49
Q

Symbolic Politics

A
  • a method used by TANs
  • identifying strong explanations for powerful symbolic events
  • image
50
Q

leverage politics

A
  • Method used by TANs
  • getting others to act
  • TANs usually materially weak
51
Q

Accountability politics

A
  • method used by TANs

- getting govts to change policy and commit

52
Q

Major critique of TANs

A

Who are TANs accountable to?

53
Q

Clifford Bob

A

argues that it is simply a matter of matching supply and demand e.g. Tibet vs the Uyghurs

54
Q

Keck and Sikkink argument about what makes some TANs more attractive than others

A

Bodily harm and discrimination most attractive

55
Q

Richard Price argument about what makes some TANs more attractive than others

A

link issue to pre-existing norms and ideals

56
Q

Key factors in the success of TANs

A

-Energy of the people involved
-Media skills
Civil society= sum total of voluntary organizations working to advance particular purposes or interests-> the more you have working on one issue the more airtime it gets but then have issue of overcrowding

57
Q

Stage one of the norms life cycle according to Keck and Sikkink:

A

Norm emergence:
-“Norm Entrepreneurs” propose and work for new standards, they call attention to or “create” issues by using language that names and dramatizes them, they are motivated by empathy and altruism

58
Q

Stage two of the norms life cycle according to Keck and Sikkink:

A

Norm Cascade:
‘tipping point is reached, up until now most change has been driven by domestic political pressure, now change begins to occur at the international level and contagion occurs

59
Q

Stage Three of the norms life cycle according to Keck and Sikkink:

A

Internalisation:

-The norm becomes taken for granted and comply with it without thinking

60
Q

4 examples of Norms

A
  • HI
  • R2P
  • Women’s Suffrage
  • Apartheid
61
Q

Women’s suffrage

A
  • 1893 NZ women given the right to vote
  • 1904 Australia non-aboriginal women get right to vote
  • 1918 Germany, UK but still property qualifications
  • 1920 all US states
  • 1928 all UK women
62
Q

Apartheid

A
  • linked to human rights movement and anti-racism
  • clashed with traditional realist ideology about the state
  • the emergence of global civil society
  • US civil rights movement 1954-68-> led to series of acts including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, The Voting Rights Act 1965, the Fair Housing Act 1968
  • South Africa faced political isolation and economic sanctions for continuing during the 1980s and eventually ended in 1991
63
Q

US intervention in Cuba 1898

A
  • the closest example to unilateral humanitarian intervention pre-Charter state practice
  • intervened following reports of atrocities committed by Spanish military authorities attempting to suppress the insurrection that commenced 1895
  • US pres. McKinley= doing it for the “cause of humanity”, protection of US citizens and their property in Cuba, protection of US commercial interests and self-defense
  • Or is this benevolent imperialism?
64
Q

Joint intervention of Great Britain, France, and Russia in aid of Greek Insurgents 1827

A
  • frequently considered the earliest example of HI
  • treaty outlining why intervening: offer mediation in the transition to Greek autonomy but consequence if rejected this offer
  • “Again the primary concern appears to have been the ‘inconveniences and evils’ associated with the disorder in the East: These would necessitate the powers ‘forming a connection with the Greeks’, by establishing commercial relations and exchange of diplomatic agents.”
65
Q

Realists on HI

A

states only act out of self-interest there is no such thing as HI

66
Q

Solidarist case for HI

A

in situations of extraordinary abuses states don’t get the protection of sovereignty, even if motivated partly by non-H reasons then can still be legitimate HI

67
Q

Pluralist HI

A

Hi practice is very dangerous to international order, if no international consensus states will just act on own moral principles, international order is necessary for protection and promotion of individual well being

68
Q

Statist position on HI

A

States don’t have business in risking their soldier’s lives or non-military personal to save strangers

69
Q

Jacobian Consititution 1793

A

is the clearest political enunciation of non-intervention and demonstrates a long history of non-intervention

INTP371 (5 decks)

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