Humanistic Outcomes Flashcards
What is the ECHO Model?
- Economic (payer-centered)
- Clinical (provider-centered)
- Humanistic (patient-centered)
What are some characteristics of the economic outcomes involved in the ECHO model?
They are payer-centered (public-funded system and insurance companies)
Direct, indirect, and intangible benefits and losses are measured
What are some characteristics of clinical outcomes in the ECHO model?
They are provider-centered (these are outcomes that HCPs care about)
Changes in morbidity, mortality, and biological markers
What are some characteristics of humanistic outcomes in the ECHO model?
They are patient-centered (this is the main concern for patients)
Utility of intervention, functional status, willingness-to-pay, and patient satisfaction
What are QALYs?
Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) are a humanistic outcome measure commonly used in health economic evaluation studies
QALY=UtilityxTime
What is utility in the context of pharmacoeconomics?
It is the patient’s percieved value for a particular health state, and time in that state
What is functional status?
It is a composite of the dimensions of health
- Physical (vision, hearing, speech, ambulation)
- Mental (cognition, emotional well-being)
- Social interaction
- Energy
- Level of pain
What is the purpose of the SF-36 survey?
It attempts to evaluate a patient’s functional status
What is the purpose of the SF-12 survey?
It is a shorter version of the SF-12, and the results from the SF-12 is closely correlated with SF-36 score
What is the best strategy for determining changes to health-related quality of life in response to an intervention?
Recommend both a generic and a disease-specific instrument (do not administer one after the other, as we risk overwhelming patient)
What is willingness-to-pay?
It is based in economic theory and it assigns a monetary value for an outcome
Can be measured indirectly or directly
How can willingness-to-pay be measured indirectly?
It can be inferred from observing behaviour
How can willingness-to-pay be measured directly?
Open: respondents are asked to share dollar amount they are “willing to pay”
Closed: respondents asked if willing to pay a specified price (yes or no)
What are Discrete Choice Scenarios?
Present research participants with hypothetical scenarios involving different service or drug attributes identified as important
This information about preference for different states can be used to price drugs
What is patient satisfaction?
It is an evaluation of the quality of care recived and the overall process
