Humangrowth Flashcards
Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception
Embryonic period
First 2 weeks after conception, zygote created
Germinal period
9 weeks after conception to birth
Fetal period
Blastocyst implanted into uterine wall(embryonic period)
First trimester
Site of exchange for nutrients and waste products
Placenta
Three blood vessels transporting oxygenated blood an waste products
Umbilical cord
Transparent membrane
Amniotic sac
Protects fetus and regulates temperature
Amniotic fluid
Critical period for organ development(mostly during 2nd and 3rd month
Organogenesis
Any substance that crosses umbilical cord and harms fetus
Teratogenic agents
Undersized, mental deficits, physical anomalies
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Excessive negative emotions elicit hormones that reduce maternal blood pressure and blood flow to fetus
Emotional status
Delivers too quickly
Precipitate
Lack of oxygen
Anoxia
Toxic substance in the blood (preeclampsia or eclampsia)
Toxemia
(rh+) antigens pass from the baby to the mother (Rh-) the mothers antibodies attack antigens and baby’s red blood cells
Rh factors
Lower part of fetus presents first
Breech presentation
Spontaneous abortion, pregnancy terminated before fetus develops
Miscarriage
Willful surgical or chemical termination of pregnancy
Abortion
- Rapid increase in growth, 5in and 5 oz.
* quickening- fetal movements(about 5 months
Second trimester
LaMaze-relaxation training Leboyer-born into warm bath Home birth- delivery at home Anesthesia-drugs to block pain Cesarean- surgical removal
Birthing method
Stage 1-contractions, amniotic sac ruptures & cervix dilates and thins
Stage 2- descends down birth canal, crowning & delivery
Stage 3- uterus relaxes, then contracts, & expulsion if placenta
Birth stages
Assess 5 vital functions: heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color
Angst test
Surgical removal of the prepuce, foreskin of the penis
Circumcision
Mother experiences physical and psychological adjustment
Postpartum
Wasting away body tissue due to severe protein-calorie deficiency
Marasmus
Deficiency in protein in which the child’s abdomen an feet become swollen with water
Kwashiorkor
Gradual and varies by individual growth, maturation an environment
Weaning process
Communicate information(impulses and neurotransmitter) throughout the nervous system to organs/systems
Neuron
Innate automatic responses that govern adaptive movement
Reflex function
Coordination of large body movement with particular tasks
Gross motor skills
Coordination of smaller body movement with particular tasks
Fine motor skills
Motor behaviors are acquired by exploration, trial and error strategies, then selection of behaviors that are adaptive
Dynamic systems
Maturation of both neurological and muscular skeletal systems necessary for learning motor skills
Readiness principle
Biological maturation and motivation required to learn toileting
Toilet training
Detection of physical energy via sensory system and register
Sensation
Selecting(attention), organizing(input) and interpreting sensory input
Perception
Individuals construct representations integrating sensory input and information retrieved from memory
Constructive approach
Perception serves a functional purpose of adaptation by bringing organism in contact with demands of specific environment
Ecological approach
Interpret object as physically unchanged while our sensory register of the image appears changed
Perceptual constancy
Process of estimating distance among/between objects in space-infants as early as 2-4 months
Depth perception
Construction(concept formation) reasoning(analyzing,synthesizing, evaluation), control and component function
Cognition
Newborn ability for sensory adaptation, sensation diminishes after repeated exposures of stimulus
Habituation
First few days if newborn able to observe and reproduce the behaviors of a model
Imitation
5-6 months both component & control processes that encode, store and retrieve at a more implicit(out of awareness) level are present
Memory
Standardized index/score of infant/toddlers level of motor,language, daily living/coping, and social development
Development quotient(Gesell)
Predictive test of mental,motor and heavier development
Baley scales of infant development Nancy Baley
Rules that govern acceptable arrangement of words
Syntax
Conveys meaning
Semantics
Contextual influence on semantics
Pragmatics
Comprehend the relationship between surface and deep sentence structure
Transformation
Innate brain maturation(hard writing) for language acquisition die to growth and maturation
Noam Chomsky’s Language acquisition device
Shaping(successive approximations) recasting(rephrasing),echoing(repeat child’s word correctly), expanding(restating with elaboration), and leaving( identify name of object)
Skinners associative learning principle
Socialization process is bidirectional
Reciprocal socialization
Framework if interpersonal behaviors,norms, and support provided by the caregiver
Scaffolding
Awareness of self, how others perceive self and perception of others
Social cognition
Infant references caregiver’s response to situation in order to determine how to respond
Social referencing
Innate disposition of infants emotional and behavioral patterns/style
Temperament
Affectionate bond between infant and caregivers
Attachment
Secure attachment infant displays relaxed behavior and explores during,then pleased upon caregiving era return
Mary Ainseorth’s(Strange situation) and seperation
Insecure-resistant infant displays anxiety during separation, then frustrated and resistant upon caregivers return
Mary Ainsworth’s (strange situation) and separation anxiety
- Reliable provision for physical, psychological, and social needs
- unstable, unpredictable provisions for needs
Trust v. Mistrust
- opportunity to explore abilities by independently performing tasks
- criticism of attempts to perform tasks leading to uncertainty about ability
Autonomy v. Shame
Emotion and regulation are acquired as response and feedback mechanisms determine what us adaptive
Functionalist perspective
