Human Transport Flashcards
Describe all parts of the heart according to the blood flow
vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta
what are the tricuspid valves and bicuspid valves called?
Atrioentricular valves
what are the pulmonary valves and aortic valves called?
Semilunar valves
difference between the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart (separated by the septum)
Left side: more oxygenated blood, bigger muscle, higher blood pressure because it needs to go all around the body (longer distance)
Right side: less oxygenated blood, smaller muscle, lower blood pressure because it only needs to go to the lungs (shorter distance)
What causes valves to open and close?
The muscle contracting and relaxing
e.g. the right atrium muscle contracts -> higher pressure -> tricuspid valve opens -> blood goes into right ventricle
what does exercise do to your body?
The adrenaline hormones make heartbeat faster because muscles need more oxygen
Single circulatory system and double circulatory system examples
Fish and human
what is a double circulatory system?
blood goes through heart twice each loop, one circulation to lungs other to body, higher pressure -> blood travels faster
How does a blood pressure machine measure your pressure?
it measures pressure in one systole (contract) and diastole (relax)
The higher number is the systole and the lower number it’s a diastole
artery
- thicker middle layer because higher blood pressure in them means it needs more muscle and elasticity
- smaller lumen to maintain the pressure
- carries blood away from heart
- we can feel a pulse from it
vein
- carries blood into heart
- has valves because the blood pressure isn’t high enough to counteract gravity and prevents the blood from falling down/the wrong way
capillary
- diffuses substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue (carries blood between artery/ vein and cells, gas exchange happens oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- 1cm thick -> short diffusing distance, good surface area to volume ratio, slows red blood cell down for better oxygen absorption
Red blood cell
– Red, biconcave shape
– haemoglobin is used to transport oxygen from lung tissue and gives red blood cell it’s red pigment
– no nucleus to allow more space for haemoglobin/oxygen
– shape allows bending to fit down capillaries
plasma
– The fluid part of blood where carbon dioxide, urea, products of digestion, hormones, heat energy are transported
– mostly water
– makes up around 60% of blood volume
vaccination process
- inject artificial dead/denatured antigens
- produce antibodies
- by lymphocytes
- destruction/killing of vaccine virus
- cloning of lymphocytes
- memory cells remain in body
- faster, sooner, in greater quantity
herd immunity
indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when most of the population is immune to the disease
Blood clotting process
platelets (small fragments of cells produced by bone marrow) –> When comes into contact with air-> explode and release chemicals-> Causing fibrinogen (protein) to form a mesh of linked fibre molecules that traps and sticks cells together
Importance of blood clotting
1.Prevent further blood loss.
2.prevent pathogens from entering the bloodstream
lymphocytes process
lymphocytes with specific antibodies that have complementary shapes to the pathogen’s specific antigen causes pathogens to clump together, neutralises its toxins and causes its bacteria to burst, signalling phagocytes to come over as well
phagocytosis
- The phagocyte recognises the pathogen as foreign and hunts sit down.
- the the phagocyte engulfs the pathogen
- The phagocytes secretes enzymes onto the pathogen and breaks it down then digest and absorbs it
systemic circulation keywords
Lungs: pulmonary
Liver: hepatic
Kidney: venal
Liver to stomach/ intestines: hepatic portal vein
Calculating magnification
diameter on photograph = real diameter x magnification
