Human Trafficking - BPOC 736, Module E, Chapter 21, Units 1-3

Question 1

What is the definition of “human trafficking”?

Answer 1

(1) The recruiting, transporting, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, (2) by means of threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or abuse of power, or vulnerability, (3) or the giving or receiving of payments to achieve control over another person, (4) for the purpose of exploitation for sex, forced labor, slavery, servitude, or organ removal.

Question 2

What does human trafficking thrive on?

Answer 2

The exploitation of humans for financial or economic reasons, where victims are forced to labor against their will; and various control techniques, such as severe physical punishment, are in place not only to prevent escape but also to inhibit victims from testifying against their traffickers

Question 3

What is the International Labor Organization (ILO)?

Answer 3

A United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice

Question 4

Are the majority of sex trafficking victims in the United States domestic or foreign?

Answer 4

Domestic

Question 5

What is the second most profitable illegal industry in the United States?

Answer 5

Human Trafficking

Question 6

What two categories did the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 break human trafficking into?

Answer 6

(1) Sex trafficking, and (2) Labor trafficking

Question 7

What are the three vital components of human and labor trafficking?

Answer 7

(1) Force, (2) Fraud, and (3) Coercion

Question 8

What is the job of a “recruiter” in the human trafficking industry?

Answer 8

(1) To find persons, whether children or adults, to be sold into slavery, (2) arranging the sale of the person in exchange for money or services, (3) the receipt or delivery of the person to the paying customer

Question 9

What methods are employed by recruiters to control their victims?

Answer 9

Deception or fraud (lying about a “good job”), threats or use of force

Question 10

Is human trafficking classified a transnational or domestic crime?

Answer 10

Transnational

Question 11

What group of persons are most vulnerable to being recruited for sexual abuse?

Answer 11

Children who are homeless, LGBTQ+, African American or Latino, and interacting with the child welfare system

Question 12

What does the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) do?

Answer 12

Features programs and initiatives to support efforts to protect children and their communities

Question 13

What does “commercial sexual exploitation of children” (CSEC) refer to?

Answer 13

A range of crimes and activities involving the sexual abuse or exploitation of children for financial benefit or any person or in exchange for anything of value given or received by any person

Question 14

What are the elements of child sex trafficking?

Answer 14

(1) trafficking a child under the age of 18, (2) causing a child under 18 to engage in or become the victim of commercial sex acts or child sex abuse, (3) receiving a benefit from participating in a venture that involves child sex trafficking, or (4) engaging in sexual conduct with a trafficked child

Question 15

What statutes and Penal Codes address human trafficking?

Answer 15

Texas Family Code 261.001, Penal Code 43.01, 43.02, 43.05, and 20A.02

Question 16

What are the three fundamental differences between human smuggling and human trafficking?

Answer 16

(1) Consent (smuggled persons consent to being moved from one place to another; trafficked persons do not); (2) Exploitation (smugglers and their customers part ways at the agreed destination; traffickers exploit their victims, and the victims are not free to leave); (3) Transnationality (smuggling always involves crossing an international border; trafficking may occur domestically or cross international borders.

Question 17

What does “exploitation” include?

Answer 17

(1) the prostitution of others for commercial sexual acts, (2) forced labor or services, (3) slavery or practices similar to slavery, (4) servitude, (5) removal of organs, (6) forced organ removal

Question 18

When does the prior consent of a victim become irrelevant?

Answer 18

When force, fraud, or coercion are used to exploit the person who had originally consented to being transported from one place to another and their freedom to leave is taken away, or when the victim is under the age of 18.

Question 19

What is human smuggling?

Answer 19

A multibillion-dollar industry for transnational criminal organizations; it threatens U.S. border security and public safety; deliberately evades immigration laws; a gateway crime for illegal immigration, identity theft, document and benefit fraud, gang activity, financial fraud, and terrorism; driving purpose is money

Question 20

How does human smuggling generally work?

Answer 20

Smugglers exploit legitimate trade routes to bring people into the U.S.; use vehicles, boats, tractor-trailers, boxcars on trains, automobiles and trucks that are transported as cargo on trains; provide fake identification documents, co-opting government officials, altering and falsifying government documents, and stealing identities; charge persons an outrageous amount of money to smuggle them to their requested destination; often unsafe conditions

Question 21

What is the impact of human smuggling?

Answer 21

Security risks; trap the smuggled persons in trafficking; health risks due to unsanitary conditions; economic costs to migrants and their families; transit countries incur overstressed medical resources, social services, and law enforcement resources as the smuggled groups pass through their countries

Question 22

What is HSI’s response to human smuggling?

Answer 22

HSI focuses on criminal investigations into smuggling networks that pose national security and public safety risks, jeopardize lives, or engage in violence, abuse, or extortion.

Question 23

Is a trafficking victim a prostitute?

Answer 23

A trafficking victim cannot be a prostitute; they are a victim of rape

Question 24

What is sex tourism?

Answer 24

Travel to a foreign country for sexual gratification

Question 25

What does “CSEC” refer to?

Answer 25

“Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children”

Question 26

What crimes are included in “CSEC”?

Answer 26

Recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing, obtaining, and/or maintaining a minor for the purpose of sexual exploitation; exploiting a child for survival sex, sex tourism, mail order bride, early marriage, or to perform in peep shows and strip clubs

Question 27

What is “survival sex”?

Answer 27

A victim feels they must perform sexual acts for their own survival (shelter, food, drugs)

Question 28

What is “familial trafficking?

Answer 28

A parent or family member recruiting or kidnapping a child relative and selling them into the sex trafficking trade

Question 29

What is “labor trafficking”?

Answer 29

Force labor or involuntary servitude (modern-day slavery)

Question 30

Who is vulnerable to labor trafficking?

Answer 30

Come from countries with high rates of unemployment, poverty, crime, discrimination, corruption, political conflict, and/or cultural acceptance of the practice; often harder to identify than sex trafficking

Question 31

What is “debt bondage”?

Answer 31

Forced to continue sexual or forced labor because the trafficker insists they have spent a large amount of money to “find” them a “good job,” and they have to pay the debt before they will be released. Unfortunately, the debt grows instead of getting paid down.

Question 32

How is the dark web used for trafficking?

Answer 32

They hide illegal materials stemming from trafficking and their real identities from investigators; illicit proceeds are laundered online through crypto currencies; create fake websites or post advertisements on legitimate employment portals and social networking websites

Question 33

What are live chat scams?

Answer 33

Some of these sites feature the option of a live chat. This gives the trafficker immediate contact and the opportunity to obtain personal information, such as passport details, enhancing their power over the targeted victims; they stream on multiple websites and may exploit the same person multiple times; very difficult for authorities to tackle

Question 34

How do traffickers use remote control technology?

Answer 34

They watch their victims when they are “performing” their “jobs”; location-tracking allows them to track and record their victims; threaten to release photos of them to family and friends;

Question 35

How do traffickers use online marketplaces?

Answer 35

40% of victims are recruited online; main tactic to solicit buyers for commercial sex; in 2020 80% of sex trafficking prosecutions involved online advertising; also used to commit “virtual child sex trafficking – an offender in the US sends a digital payment to a trafficker in another country. The trafficker then sexually abuses a child in front of a web camera while the offender in the US watches a livestream of the abuse

Question 36

What is child and forced marriage (CFM)?

Answer 36

Considered a human rights violation; mostly affects and threatens the lives of women and girls globally; robs them of their ability to make decisions about their lives; disrupts their education; makes vulnerable to economic, political, and social spheres; early pregnancy leads to higher maternal morbidity; women and girls attempt to flee or commit suicide to escape the unwanted marriage

Question 37

What are examples of forced servitude?

Answer 37

Servile marriages; agriculture/farm labor; begging/street peddling; restaurant work; construction work; carnival work; motel/hotel housekeeping; criminal activities; day labor