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ESS > Human systems and resource use > Flashcards

Human systems and resource use Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crude birth rate (CBR)?

A

The number of live births per 1000 people in a population

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2
Q

What is the crude death rate (CDR)?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population

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3
Q

What is the total fertility rate (TFR)?

A

The average number of births per woman of childbearing age

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4
Q

What is doubling time (DT)?

A

The length of time it takes for a population to double in size, assuming its natural growth rate is constant (i.e. no wars or pandemics)

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5
Q

What is the natural increase rate (NIR)?

A

The difference between the number of live births and deaths x 100

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6
Q

What is the formula for CBR?

A

(total number of births/total population) x 1000

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6
Q

What is the formula for CDR?

A

(total number of deaths/total population) x 1000

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6
Q

What is the formula for doubling time?

A

70/percentage growth rate

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7
Q

What are some causes of population growth? (3)

A

-> larger child-bearing population
-> migration into a country
-> Better opportunities for income
-> Better healthcare so a decrease in death rate (more people living for longer)

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8
Q

What are some problems of exponential population growth?
(choose 3)

A

-> less resources
-> More opportunities for crime
-> overcrowding
-> more environmental issues
-> more waste
-> increase in conflict (usually over resources)
-> increase in poverty
-> increase in waste

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9
Q

What is a LIC in ESS?

A

Low economically developed country (LEDC)

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10
Q

What is a HIC in ESS?

A

More economically developed country (MEDC)

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11
Q

What is a NEE in ESS?

A

Newly Emerging Economy (NEE)
(its the same thing)

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12
Q

What is the demographic transition model (DTM)?

A

Describes how the birth and death rate change over different stages

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13
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the DTM?

A
  • high BR
  • high DR
  • population : low
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14
Q

Why is the BR and the DR like this in stage 1?

A
  • BR:
  • lack of contraception
  • lack of women empowerment/jobs
  • to replace infant deaths due to high DR
  • DR:
  • lack of sanitation
  • lack of good healthcare
  • lack of resources
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15
Q

What is an example of a place in stage 1?

A

Indigenous tribes in the Amazon

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16
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?

A
  • high BR
  • decreasing DR
  • increasing population
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17
Q

Why is the BR and the DR like this in stage 2?

A
  • BR:
  • lack of contraception
  • lack of women’s empowerment
  • religion
  • the population has not realised that the number of deaths is decreasing
  • DR:
  • more doctors = low infant mortality
  • improved healthcare (vaccines)
  • improved sanitation, food and water
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18
Q

What is an example of a place in stage 2?

A

Afghanistan

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19
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the DTM?

A
  • decreasing BR
  • low and steady DR
  • increasing population
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20
Q

Why are the BR and the DR like this in stage 3?

A
  • BR:
  • access to contraception
  • women’s empowerment/jobs
  • realised the BR is decreasing
  • DR:
  • better healthcare
  • better sanitation, food and water
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21
Q

What is an example of a place in stage 3?

A

Brazil, China, India - NEE

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22
Q

What happens in stage 4 of the DTM?

A
  • DR = low and steady
  • BR = low but fluctuating
  • Overall pop. = high and steady
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23
Q

Why are the BR and the DR like this in stage 4?

A
  • BR:
  • no need to have children
  • women empowerment
  • fluctuating = small baby boom (i.e. after the 2012 Olympics) or decreasing fluctuation (due to pandemics and cost of living crisis)

DR:
- better healthcare
- better sanitation, food and water

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24
Q

What is an example of a place in stage 4?

A

Modern UK

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25
Q

What happens in stage 5 of the DTM?

A
  • DR: increases but low
  • BR: stays the same
  • Overall pop. = going to steady out
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26
Q

What is an example of a place in stage 5?

A

Japan, Italy

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27
Q

What is a population pyramid?

A

The data presented, in a pyramid, showing the population with respect to age and gender in a nation for a year

28
Q

What does a wide base suggest on a population pyramid?

A

A wide base suggests youthful population

29
Q

What does a narrow base suggest on a population pyramid?

A

A narrow base suggests an ageing population

30
Q

Why would there be sudden changes in bars on a population pyramid?

A
  • migration
  • wars
31
Q

Define “dependency ratio “

A

Ratio of people not in work to those in work

32
Q

What is the dependency ratio formula? in %

A

(the number of people less than 15 and greater than 65 yrs old/ the number of people who work) x 100

33
Q

Why might a country want to change its dependency ratio?

A

To get enough people working to pay for taxes for dependent people (below 15 or over 65)

34
Q

What are pro-natalist policies? give a country exampls

A

A policy that aims to increase their population by encouraging a high birth rate. Denmark/ Japan

35
Q

What are anti-natalist policies? give a country example

A

A policy that aims to decrease their population by encouraging a lower birth rate. China/ India

36
Q

Why do countries adopt a pro-natalist policy?

A

They may have an ageing population or a small workforce, therefore there are not enough people to pay taxes and care for the dependent people and maintain a strong economy.

37
Q

Why do countries adopt an anti-natalist policy?

A

If the birthrate in a country is too high, there will be many children, which will lead to a population explosion and a very rapid population growth - which may not be sustainable in terms of space or resources necessary.

38
Q

Name 2 positives and 2 negatives of a anti-natalist policy

A

+
-> Increased empowerment and education of women, to reduce BR
-> People who follow the policy benefit from higher wages, better education and employment, and healthcare

-
-> may result in a lack of respect for human rights (i.e. one-child policy - China)
-> There may be a sex preference (i.e. for boys rather than girls)

38
Q

Name 2 positives and 2 negatives of a pro-natalist policy

A

+
-> Better welfare benefits for women who have more than one child
-> More companies may employ women to encourage women to work after childbirth

-
-> can be hard to implement and assess
-> may be expensive to maintain annually

39
Q

Give 2 example countries that had pro-natalist and anti-natalist policies and their policy names, if they had one

A

pro-natalist: ageing pop
Japan
Denmark - “Do it for Denmark”

anti-natalist: large pop
India
China - “One child policy”

40
Q

What is turnover time?

A

This refers to the time it takes for a molecule of water to enter and leave a part of the system.

41
Q

Usually, the larger the body of water, the higher the ________

A

turnover time

42
Q

Name the processes of the hydrological cycle (8 steps)

A
  1. Evaporation from an ocean/lake
  2. Evapotranspiration from trees
  3. Condensation
  4. Precipitation
  5. Surface run-off
  6. Soil infiltration
  7. Percolation
  8. Groundwater flow
43
Q

What is white water? + example

A

It is freshwater. Springs/wells

44
Q

What is grey water? + example

A

Water that is slightly polluted – not to drink. Laundry

45
Q

What is black water? + example

A

Heavily polluted water. Toilets

46
Q

What is water scarcity?

A

An area which water falls below 1000 m³ per person a year

47
Q

What is physical water scarcity?

A

When physical water access is limited (i.e. deserts)

48
Q

What is economic water scarcity?

A

When a population does not have the necessary monetary means to access adequate sources of water

49
Q

Describe the distribution of physical and economic water-scarce areas

A

Central Africa and landlocked countries in Asia are the most water-scarce areas due to lack of rainfall, desert areas and corruption in LEDC

50
Q

Causes of physical water scarcity

A

Landlocked countries
Drought
Lack of rainfall
Changes to seasonal rainfall patterns

51
Q

Causes of economic water scarcity

A

Lack of trade
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of income
Illegal housing

52
Q

Name three factors affecting water resources and how they might affect water resources

A

Rising sea levels (it can cause saltwater intrusion, turning freshwater into salt water, that’s impacting ecosystems, water and agriculture)

Changing rainfall patterns (this creates unreliability with water resources. It impacts migration, crops and agriculture)

Changes in the amount and timing of snowfall (many countries depend on snowmelt for water resources, this may impact their crops and water)

53
Q

Give a brief description of a dam and reservoir and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

A reservoir is a large body of water usually held behind a large wall (dam) that controls it.

Benefit-
Provides water for agriculture and livestock

Disadvantage-
Expensive to build and relocate people

54
Q

Give a brief description of wells and boreholes and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

A means of tapping into aquifers to gain access to groundwater

Benefit-
Can be a main source of water for people in arid/semi-arid areas

Disadvantage-
Groundwater can be contaminated in several ways affecting health

55
Q

Give a brief description of redistribution and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

When water is provided from one place to another in times of need

Benefit-
Many people and businesses can survive and have a greater standard of living during water-scarce times

Disadvantage-
It requires a substantial cost to build infrastructure for pipes, therefore it is usually found in any MEDCs/HICs

56
Q

Give a brief description of desalination and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

The process of removing salt from seawater

Benefit-
It provides flexibility over seasonal issues, for example uneven rainfall

Disadvantage-
High energy consumption

57
Q

Give a brief description of replenishing aquifers and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

When water seeped into the ground to replace underground aquifers

Benefits-
Increases and maintains water levels/enables aquifer integrity

Disadvantage-
Some methods can be expensive to implement

58
Q

Give a brief description of cloud seeding and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

A technique used to increase rainfall/snowfall in an area, for example: an agricultural area

Benefit-
Creates more winter snowfall, to enhance the natural water supply to communities/specific areas

Disadvantages-
Placement of chemicals may have an impact on the people below, as cloud seeding is not a scientifically research method

59
Q

Give a brief description of Forest water management and provide one benefit and one disadvantage

A

Protecting forests to preserve the quality of drinking water supplies

Benefit-
guarantee against erosion, landslides and loss of soil

Disadvantage-
May take a lot of effort to maintain

60
Q

Name the case study for an area of water conflict

A

The Aral Sea

61
Q

Describe the Aral Sea and its location

A

The Aral Sea is situated in central Asia between southern Kazakhstan and northern Uzbekistan. It used to be the world’s fourth-largest saline lake with 10 g of salt per litre. Two lakes feed into the Aral Sea: the Amu Darya River and the Syr Darya River

62
Q

Name 4 causes of the Aral’s seas condition

A
  • agriculture and cotton production was promoted - draining its main water resources
    -industrial processes
    -high-level of evaporation left behind land with high levels of salinity
    -decrease levels of water
63
Q

Name the six main effects of the Aral’s condition

A

-Increased water insecurity/availability for people in the area
-the Aral Sea once supported 40,000 fishermen, once they left this created an economic disaster
-plants cannot grow in high levels of salinity, therefore there were reduced economic opportunities and an increase in desertification
-there are increased dust and sandstorms, which cause respiratory diseases
-high levels of cancer were caused by the release of fertilisers
-there was a loss of biodiversity as there was an increase in fish deaths and an increase of fish migrating out of the sea

64
Q

Solutions to the reduction of the Aral Sea + benefits and problems (1 each)

A

They built the Kokaral Dam in order to bring water back into the river. One benefit is that it brought water into the northern Aral Sea, and therefore brought back fish and increased levels of biodiversity. However, it did not increase water into the south side of the Aral Sea

65
Q

What is Boserup Theory?

A

The theory that as the population increases, the food supply will increase too, as humankind will develop technologies to produce more food and cope with the growing population.

66
Q

What is a negative of boserup theory?

A

Didnt take into account that migration, due to overpopulation, can cause bad farmimg practices

67
Q

What is Malthusian theory?

A

The idea that food supply was limited to population growth. As the population increases the food that is required will outgrow the level of food produced.

68
Q

What is a negative of the Malthusian theory?

A

Did not consider globalisation and the improvement of technology

ESS (8 decks)

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