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Bio 20 > Human Systems 2: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Human Systems 2: Respiratory System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

atmosphere composition

A

78% Nitrogen , 21% Oxygen, 1% Others

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2
Q

why is breathing important?

A

allows O2 in, CO2 out of the body

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3
Q

why is O2 important to humans?

A

all cells require O2 for cellular respiration

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4
Q

general function of breathing

A

O2 in CO2 out

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5
Q

4 steps in breathing

A

external gas exchange, the circulatory system, internal gas exchange, the circulatory system

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6
Q

external gas exchange (step 1)

A

bring air into lungs. O2 diffuses into capillaries and CO2 diffuses out of capillaries

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7
Q

the circulatory system (step 2)

A

diffusion of O2 to the rest of the body via blood

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8
Q

internal gas exchange (step 3)

A

cellular respiration in each cell

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9
Q

the circulatory system (step 4)

A

transports blood high in CO2 and low in O2 back to lungs

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10
Q

breathing

A

intake of O2, exhale of CO2, gases are exchanged in alveoli in lungs

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11
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 in –> 6CO2 out + 6H2O + energy

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12
Q

where does cellular respiration occur?

A

cellular respiration occurs in all cells

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13
Q

pathway of O2 from nose to capillaries

A

nose–>nasal cavity–>pharynx–>epiglottis–>larynx–>trachea–>left and right bronchi–>bronchioles–>alveoli–>capillaries

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14
Q

role of capillaries in respiratory system

A

site of gas exchange via diffusion

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15
Q

alveoli structure

A

gas filled sacs

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16
Q

pathway of CO2 from capillaries to nose

A

capillaries–>alveoli–>bronchioles–>left and right bronchi–>trachea–>larynx–>epiglottis–>pharynx–>nasal cavity–>nose

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17
Q

alternate name for pharynx

A

throat

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18
Q

alternate name for larynx

A

voice box or adam’s apple

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19
Q

alternate name for trachea

A

wind pipe

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20
Q

mouth and nostrils structure

A

air enters respiratory system

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21
Q

nasal cavity structure

A

provides moisture (allows gases to dissolve), warms up air, filters and traps particles (mucus and hair)

22
Q

pharynx structure

A

passage way for food and air

23
Q

epiglottis structure

A

flap that covers the trachea during swallowing, reflex (cough if food enters trachea)

24
Q

larynx structure

A

contains 2 ligaments (vocal cords), air passes and vibrates the ligaments and sound is made, protected by cartilage

25
Q

trachea structure

A

lined cilia (hair-like projections) that release mucus to trap particles and act like a broom to carry particles upward and out the mouth, surrounded by cartilage rings that provide support

26
Q

left and right bronchi structure

A

two branches of the trachea, contain cartilage

27
Q

bronchioles structure

A

smaller branches, no cartilage, rings of musce to dilate and constrict

28
Q

alveoli structure

A

tiny air sacs, each lung has about 50 million, very thin (1 cell thick), surrounded by capillaries, site of gas exchange, also surrounded by lipoproteins

29
Q

lipoproteins definition

A

a film that surrounds each alveoli to prevent them from sticking together or collapsing

30
Q

pleural membranes structure

A

membranes on the outer surface of the lungs and the inner chest and rib cavity, prevent friction (act as a lubricant)

31
Q

diaphragm structure

A

dome shaped band of muscle, separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, helps with inhalation/exhalation

32
Q

intercostal muscles structure

A

muscles attached between ribs, help with inhalation/exhalation

33
Q

what artery carries blood to the lungs and is it oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

the pulmonary artery, it is deoxygenated

34
Q

why does air need to be moistened as it travels through the respiratory system?

A

moistened air causes less irritation and is less damaging

35
Q

why is a a large surface area and many capillaries required in the alveoli?

A

to maximize absorption and therefore efficiency in the O2/CO2 transfer

36
Q

why do the walls of the alveoli need to be thin?

A

so that O2 can diffuse into your blood and CO2 can diffuse into your lungs

37
Q

erythrocytes (RBC) function

A

red blood cells move O2 throughout the body (they get O2 from alveoli in the lungs)

38
Q

hemoglobins function

A

is a protein that makes up RBCs, picks up O2 in the lungs and carries to the body cells, when hemoglobin reaches body tissues/cells with low concentration, it releases O2 into those cells via diffusion

39
Q

3 ways CO2 is transported

A

about 10% of CO2 is dissolved in blood plasma, about 20% combines with hemoglobins that will transport CO2 around the body, remaining 70% forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

40
Q

how is CO2 produced?

A

CO2 is produced by our body cells via cellular respiration

41
Q

what happens to CO2 after it is produced by the body cells?

A

it diffuses into the blood

42
Q

what is carbonic acid?

A

carbonic acid (H2CO3) is an unstable byproduct of CO2 from cellular respiration formed by 70% of CO2 after it diffuses into the blood, immediately dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

43
Q

is carbonic acid good or bad and why?

A

carbonic acid is bad because it lowers the blood ph (acidic)

44
Q

bicarbonate ions definition

A

formed when unstable carbonic acid immediately dissociates. good because it binds to carbonic acid and serves as a buffer to maintain blood ph

45
Q

rule of air movement

A

air always moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure to equalize the pressure

46
Q

4 steps in inhalation

A

intercostal muscles contract, pulling rib cage up and out (making it bigger). diaphragm contracts and lowers (flattens). abdominal muscles relax, allowing the diaphragm to move down. volume increases, air pressure in lungs decreases, air rushes IN

47
Q

4 steps in exhalation

A

intercostal muscles relax, rib cage fall back down and moves in (making it smaller). diaphragm relaxes and rises to its original position. abdominal muscles contract, pushing the diaphragm up. volume decreases, air pressure in lungs increases, air rushes OUT

48
Q

device that measures the amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

A

spirograph

49
Q

tidal volume definition

A

volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath

50
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs

Bio 20 (4 decks)

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