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LC Biology > Human Systems > Flashcards

Human Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Exotherms

A

Gain or lose heat from the external environment

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism

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2
Q

Endotherms

A

Generate their own heat from metabolic reactions

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3
Q

Role of excretory system in homeostasis?

A
  • regulates body temp.
  • controls osmosis (salt and water conc.)
  • controls concentration of body fluids
  • removes waste products of metabolism from the body
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4
Q

Give the precise location of the kidneys?

A

Just below the diaphragm in the small of the back

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5
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Takes messages from the sense organs

to the cns

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6
Q

Motor neurons

A

Take messages from the cns to the effectors causing them to respond

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7
Q

Interneurons

A

Are found in the cns and take messages between sensory and motor neurons

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8
Q

Receptor

A

Is a cell/tissue that detects a stimulus

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Are fibres that carry impulses toward the cell body

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10
Q

Axons

A

Carry impulses away from the cell body

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11
Q

Schwann cells

A

Are located along the length of neurons. They make the myelin sheath

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12
Q

The myelin sheath

A

Is a fat-rich membrane that insulated electrical impulses

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13
Q

The cell body

A

Has a nucleus and organelles. It forms dendrites, axons and neurotransmitter chemicals

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14
Q

A ganglion

A

Is a group of cell bodies located outside the cns

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter chemicals

A

Carry impulses from one nerve cell to another

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16
Q

A neuron

A

Is a nerve cell

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17
Q

A synapse

A

Is a region where two neurons come into close contact

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18
Q

A synaptic cleft

A

Is the tiny gap between two neurons at a synapse

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19
Q

The threshold

A

The minimum stimulus needed to cause an impulse to be carried

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20
Q

The ‘all or nothing law’

A

States that if a threshold is reached then an impulse is carried, but if a threshold is not reached no impulse is carried

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21
Q

The refractory period

A

Is a short timespan after a neuron has carried an impulse during which a stimulus fails to cause a response

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22
Q

The speed at which an electrical impulse is carried depends on….

A
  • the presence or absence of the myelin sheath

- the diameter of the dendrite or axon (larger diameter faster)

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23
Q

A reflex action

A

An automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

24
Q

A reflex arc

A

Is made up of the neurons forming the pathway taken by nerve impulses. The functional unto of the nervous system

25
Q

Glands

A

Are structures that secrete substances

26
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Release their products into ducts or tubes e.g salivary glands and gastric glands

27
Q

An endocrine gland

A

Is a ductless gland that produces hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream

28
Q

Why do endocrine glands need a rich blood supply?

A

Because they secrete hormones into tissue fluid then pass into the bloodstream

29
Q

A hormone

A

Is a chemical messenger produced by an endocrine gland and carried by the bloodstream to another part of the body where it has a specific effect

30
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

Produced in the pituitary gland. Causes cells to absorb amino acids and form proteins which causes growth. In particular it causes elongation of the bones of the skeleton

31
Q

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that…

A

Control the pituitary in response to messages from the brain (i.e links endocrine and nervous system). Also produces anti-diuretic hormone ADH, which controls osmoregulation in the kidneys

32
Q

The thyroid gland

A

Produces thyroxine which controls all metabolism

33
Q

The pancreas exocrine function?

A

Islets of Lamgerhans produce insulin. Causes cells to absorb glucose from blood for respiration

34
Q

What is meant by feedback in relation to hormone action?

A

When the level of a hormone in the blood controls the production of another hormone/ more of itself

35
Q

Plasma proteins

A

Antibodies and clotting proteins

36
Q

Role of plasma

A

Transport dissolved materials e.g glucose, amino acids, hormones

37
Q

Role of erythrocytes

A

Transport oxygen

38
Q

Role of leukocytes

A

Defend and fight against infection

39
Q

Phagocytes

A

White blood cells that digest bacteria

40
Q

Role of thrombocytes

A

Clot blood. Reduces loss of blood and prevents entry of microorganisms

41
Q

How is a clot produced?

A

When damaged body cells produce chemicals that stimulate platelets to form a clot

42
Q

Role of lymphocytes

A

To make antibodies

43
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Heart pumps blood into open-ended vessels. Blood leaves vessels + flows around all cells e.g insects

44
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood remains in continuous system of blood vessels. Materials are exchanged between the blood and cells thought the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels

45
Q

Difference between veins and arteries

A

Veins have thinner middle layer (involuntary muscle) therefore a larger lumen

46
Q

Function of collagen in blood vessels…

A

Prevents walls from over-expansion

47
Q

Blood pressure

A

The force blood exerts against the wall of a blood vessel

48
Q

Valves

A

Control the direction of blood flow

49
Q

Give the precise location if the heart

A

Between the two lungs slightly to the left hand side of the thorax and just above the diaphragm

50
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Heart ➡️ Lungs ➡️ Heart

51
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Heart ➡️ Body ➡️ Heart

52
Q

A portal system

A

Is a blood pathway that begins and ends with capillaries e.g hepatic portal vein connects stomach and intestines to the liver

53
Q

Pacemaker

A

A small bundle of specialised tissue that controls heartbeat

54
Q

Diastole

A

Her heart chambers relax

55
Q

Systole

A

When the heart chambers contract

56
Q

A pulse

A

Is the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries

57
Q

Human dental formula

A

2( i 2/2, c1/1, pm 2/2, m 3/3)

58
Q

The function of the lymphatic system

A

Forms a link between different parts of blood

LC Biology (8 decks)

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