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Bio 20 > Human systems 1 Review > Flashcards

Human systems 1 Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are enzymes, how do they work and what affects them?

A

-Enzymes are catalysts that work to speed up reactions by reducing the reactions activation energy.
- Factors that affect enzymes are PH, Temperature, competitive inhibition (molecules that mimic enzymes) and substrate molecule concentration

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2
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The molecule broken down by or reacting with an enzyme

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3
Q

What are the digestive enzymes and what do they do?

A

-Amalayse (salivary and pancreatic): innitates/aids in the digestion of carbs
- Disaccharidase: compleats the digestion of carbs
- pepsiogen/pepsin: innitates protein digestion
- Trypsin: aids in protein digestion
- Erepsin: compleats the digestion of protein
- bile: (not an ensyme) emulsifiys lipids
- Lipase: compleats the digestion of lipids

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4
Q

What are Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Egestion?

A

Ingestion: Food Intake (eating)
Digestion: The breakdown of ingested food to its monomers
Absorption: The absorption of the broken-down food in the small intestine
Egestion: removal of waste

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5
Q

What are chemical digestion and physical digestion?

A

Chemical digestion is the digestion of food using enzymes instead of force, Physical digestion is digestion involving force

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6
Q

What makes up (smallest component) protein

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

What makes up (smallest component) carbs

A

monosaccharides

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8
Q

What makes up (smallest component) Lipids

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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9
Q

In the catalase lab, what effect did crushing the liver have and why

A

it increased the rate of the reaction because the surface area of the catalase was increased

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10
Q

What does bicarbonate do to the PH in the small intestine

A

It neutralizes the incoming stomach acid, maintaining a basic ph

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11
Q

What is an ulcer and what causes it

A

A pathology caused when the protective mucus lining of the stomach breaks down and the cell membrane is exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin resulting in a painful sore.

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12
Q

What is anorexia and what causes it

A

An eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight and a strong desire to be thin resulting in food restriction. in severe cases, it can cause low blood pressure, bone loss damage to the kidneys and can lead to death.

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13
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles move down increasing the pressure and forcing air out

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14
Q

What is the function of cilia in the breathing passages

A

to remove particles from the air

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15
Q

What combines with hemoglobin

A

Oxygen binds with the iron receptors on hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin

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16
Q

Why does carbon dioxide need to be converted into carbonic acid

A

To maintain the CO2 concentration gradient between the bloodstream and surrounding cells, this allows co2 to continuously be removed from the body

17
Q

What is the generic formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+ 602 —-6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

18
Q

How does the body use chemoreceptors to control breathing movements

A

chemoreceptors detect co2 levels in the blood, a nerve impulse is sent to the muscles to either decrease or increase accordingly

19
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

By binding to iron receptors in hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin

20
Q

What is the function of the mouth and what enzymes are associated with it?

A

-The teeth physically break down food, then tung movements and saliva turn the food into a bolus.
- Amylase secreted from the salivary glands will begin to break down complex polysaccharides

21
Q

What is the function of the esophagus?

A
  • Connects the mouth to the stomach and transports the bolus through muscle contractions called peristalsis
22
Q

What is the function of the Stomach and what enzymes are associated with it?

A

-Responsible for food storage and containing gastric juices that aid digestion.
- HCL converts pepsinogen into pepsin which is responsible for initiating protein digestion

23
Q

What is the function of the small intestine and what enzymes are associated with it?

A

-A major source of chemical digestion and the site of food absorption
- pancreatic amylase and Disaccharides break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides, Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, and trypsin and erepsin break down proteins into amino acids. though all these enzymes are found in the small intestine, only disaccharides is produced here.

24
Q

What is the function of the pancreas and what enzymes are associated with it?

A

-accessory organ
-produces bicarbonate and sends it to the small intestine to neutralize incoming stomach acid
-produces pancreatic amylase. which breaks down chains of polysaccharides into disaccharides
-produces lipase, which breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

25
Q

What is the function of the Liver and what enzymes are associated with it?

A

-Produces Bile(stored in the gall bladder) which emulsifies fats. This increases the surface area and allows lipase to break down fat more efficiently

26
Q

What is the function of the Large intestine?

A

-Major site of water reabsorption, which results in the formation of feces. bacteria like E. coli break down waste material into vitamins B and K

27
Q

What are your accessory organs?

A

Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas, Salivary glands

28
Q

What is the function of the Nasal Cavity

A

contains tiny hairs called cilia that remove particles, create mucous, warm/moistened air

29
Q

What is the function of the Pharynx

A

Channel at the back of your throat that connects your nasal cavity to your mouth and trachea

30
Q

What is the function of the Epiglottis

A

covers the opening of the trachea when swallowing food

31
Q

What is the function of the Trachea

A

transports air from the pharynx to the lungs

32
Q

What is the function of the Bronchi

A

Intersection at the end of the trachea that directs air into the right and left lung

33
Q

What is the function of the Bronchiole

A

Branch into smaller terminal ends called alveoli, which are single-layered and covered in tiny blood vessels called capillaries (site of gas exchange)

34
Q

What is the function of the Diaphragm and rib cage

A

Diaphragm- moves up and down to control the amount of air that can fit in the lungs
Rib Cage- controlled by the intercostal muscles which move to push air

35
Q

what happens during inhalation

A

The diaphragm contracts and the intercostal muscles move up decreasing the pressure in the lungs allowing the lungs to be flooded with air

Bio 20 (1 decks)

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