Human systems 1 Review Flashcards
What are enzymes, how do they work and what affects them?
-Enzymes are catalysts that work to speed up reactions by reducing the reactions activation energy.
- Factors that affect enzymes are PH, Temperature, competitive inhibition (molecules that mimic enzymes) and substrate molecule concentration
What is a substrate?
The molecule broken down by or reacting with an enzyme
What are the digestive enzymes and what do they do?
-Amalayse (salivary and pancreatic): innitates/aids in the digestion of carbs
- Disaccharidase: compleats the digestion of carbs
- pepsiogen/pepsin: innitates protein digestion
- Trypsin: aids in protein digestion
- Erepsin: compleats the digestion of protein
- bile: (not an ensyme) emulsifiys lipids
- Lipase: compleats the digestion of lipids
What are Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption and Egestion?
Ingestion: Food Intake (eating)
Digestion: The breakdown of ingested food to its monomers
Absorption: The absorption of the broken-down food in the small intestine
Egestion: removal of waste
What are chemical digestion and physical digestion?
Chemical digestion is the digestion of food using enzymes instead of force, Physical digestion is digestion involving force
What makes up (smallest component) protein
Amino acids
What makes up (smallest component) carbs
monosaccharides
What makes up (smallest component) Lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
In the catalase lab, what effect did crushing the liver have and why
it increased the rate of the reaction because the surface area of the catalase was increased
What does bicarbonate do to the PH in the small intestine
It neutralizes the incoming stomach acid, maintaining a basic ph
What is an ulcer and what causes it
A pathology caused when the protective mucus lining of the stomach breaks down and the cell membrane is exposed to hydrochloric acid and pepsin resulting in a painful sore.
What is anorexia and what causes it
An eating disorder characterized by low weight, fear of gaining weight and a strong desire to be thin resulting in food restriction. in severe cases, it can cause low blood pressure, bone loss damage to the kidneys and can lead to death.
What happens during exhalation
the diaphragm relaxes and the intercostal muscles move down increasing the pressure and forcing air out
What is the function of cilia in the breathing passages
to remove particles from the air
What combines with hemoglobin
Oxygen binds with the iron receptors on hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin
Why does carbon dioxide need to be converted into carbonic acid
To maintain the CO2 concentration gradient between the bloodstream and surrounding cells, this allows co2 to continuously be removed from the body
What is the generic formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+ 602 —-6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
How does the body use chemoreceptors to control breathing movements
chemoreceptors detect co2 levels in the blood, a nerve impulse is sent to the muscles to either decrease or increase accordingly
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
By binding to iron receptors in hemoglobin to create oxyhemoglobin
What is the function of the mouth and what enzymes are associated with it?
-The teeth physically break down food, then tung movements and saliva turn the food into a bolus.
- Amylase secreted from the salivary glands will begin to break down complex polysaccharides
What is the function of the esophagus?
- Connects the mouth to the stomach and transports the bolus through muscle contractions called peristalsis
What is the function of the Stomach and what enzymes are associated with it?
-Responsible for food storage and containing gastric juices that aid digestion.
- HCL converts pepsinogen into pepsin which is responsible for initiating protein digestion
What is the function of the small intestine and what enzymes are associated with it?
-A major source of chemical digestion and the site of food absorption
- pancreatic amylase and Disaccharides break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides, Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol, and trypsin and erepsin break down proteins into amino acids. though all these enzymes are found in the small intestine, only disaccharides is produced here.
What is the function of the pancreas and what enzymes are associated with it?
-accessory organ
-produces bicarbonate and sends it to the small intestine to neutralize incoming stomach acid
-produces pancreatic amylase. which breaks down chains of polysaccharides into disaccharides
-produces lipase, which breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
