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Human Structure And Function > Human Structure And Function > Flashcards

Human Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Define cell

A

A single unit or compartment enclosed by a border

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2
Q

Rough ER vs Smooth Er

A

Rough (ribosomes) smooth (lipids and metabolism)

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3
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus

A

Secretes vesicles out of the cell. Encases proteins

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4
Q

Name the 4 main tissue types and function
+ acronym

A

Eat cake more neatly

Epithelial- cover and protect
Connective- support
Muscle- movement
Neural- communication

Tissue- same cells

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5
Q

Where do tissues arise from?

A

Three layered embryonic disk
Ectoderm - nervous system and cells
MESODERM - forms all other tissue
Endotherm - stomach and internal linings

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6
Q

Important of mitochondria and ATP generation. 3 parts to ATP generation

A

Mitochondria- site of ATP production, energy molecule of the cell.
Glycolysis- anaerobic (produces 2 ATP)
Krebs cycle- aerobic (up to 34 ATP)
Electron transport chain- aerobic.

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7
Q

Tuberosity

A

Rounded projection

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded projection underlying hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

Epicondyle

A

Raised area above condyle

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10
Q

Crest

A

Narrow prominent bridge

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11
Q

Trochanter

A

Large blunt irregular surface

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12
Q

Process

A

Any bony prominence

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13
Q

Fissure

A

Narrow opening

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14
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval opening

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15
Q

Fossa

A

Shallow, basin like depression

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16
Q

Describe the components of a compact bone

A

Osteons, consist of a canal called the Haversian canal, surrounded by concentric lamellae. Between rings are osteocytes located in spaces called lacunae

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17
Q

Haversian canal

A

Channels surrounding blood vessels and nerves

18
Q

Lacunae

A

Connect to each other and the Haversian canal through hair like canals canaliculi

19
Q

Volkmanns canals

A

Communicates with Haversian canals

20
Q

Describe components of the spongy bone and function

A

Function (absorbs shock) no osteons. Bone organised in irregularly arranged lamellae in the trabeculae in spongy bone. Red bone marrow often fills the spaces between trabeculae

21
Q

Name and secure the four types of bone cells

A

1) osteogenic cell, stem cells in the in the periosteum and endosperm turn into osteoblasts
2) osteoblasts, bone forming cells
3) osteoclasts, cells that reabsorb bone

22
Q

Layers of the long bone

A

Periosteum - sleeve that covers entirety of the bone, filters nutrients out
Compact bone, dense around shaft bone
Spongy bone
Endosteum, lining membrane of the bone marrow cavity
Medullary cavity , hollow space that contains bone marrow

23
Q

Long bone anatomy - articular cartilage

A

At synovial joint cavities, reduces shock and friction

24
Q

Long bone anatomy - epiphysis

A

Growth plates on either end of the long bone

25
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

Growth plate fusion point

26
Q

Metaphysis- long bone anatomy

A

Where vibe growth fuses, where red bone marrow occurs

27
Q

Long bone- diaphysis

A

Separates long bone from short bone, long bone shaft

28
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

No growth plates, bone forms with mesenchyme

29
Q

Describe fontanelles

A

Gaps that need to close up covered by soft connective tissue that bone mineralises to fill up spaces

30
Q

Describe endochondral ossification

A

Pre-existing hyaline cartilage is gradually replaced by bone cartilage from a bone collar. Cartilage from bone collar builds a diaphysis

31
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

Length of long bones

32
Q

What is appositional growth

A

Concentric growth and increases thickness

33
Q

Hormones involved in the neg feedback loop of regulating calcium levels

A

Blood levels low - parathyroid secretes
Blood levels high - calcitonin secreted

34
Q

List the five types of fractures

A

1) simple
2) compound
3) green stick
4) comminuted
5) impacted

35
Q

Fibrous joint, def and examples

A

Def- no movement
Sutures, gomphoses and syndesmoses

36
Q

Types of sutures

A

Serrate (overlap) lap (side) plane (straight line)

37
Q

cartilaginous joint def

A

Joint surface involves hyaline cartilage

38
Q

What is primary cartilaginous joint called and example

A

Synchondrosis, connecting tissue made of hyaline cartilage. Epiphyseal growth plate, rib attached to sternum

39
Q

What is secondary cartilaginous joint called

A

Symphysis, ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage. Pubic symphysis

40
Q

Synovial joint def

A

Bone ends covered in hyaline cartilage, joint surrounded by capsule

41
Q

List the synovial joints

A

Hinge, pivot, ball and socket, condyloid, saddle and plane joint

Human Structure And Function (1 decks)

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