Human Skeleton Flashcards
What is a condyle?
Rounded process for articulation.
What is a crest?
Narrow ridge-like projection.
What is an epicondyle?
Projection above a condyle.
What is a facet?
Short smooth surface.
What is a foramen?
Opening.
What is a fossa?
Deep depression.
What is a fovea?
Shallow depression.
What is a head in bone terminology?
Swelling or enlargement at end of bone.
What is a process?
A large projection.
What is a spine?
A sharp projection.
What is a suture?
A junction between plates.
What is a trochanter?
A large process.
What is a tubercle?
A small knob-like process.
What is a tuberosity?
A large tubercle.
What is a trochanter?
A trochanter is a large process on the femur.
What is a tubercle?
A tubercle is a small knob-like process on a bone.
What are the subdivisions of the human body?
The subdivisions are Head, Thorax (Trunk), Neck, Abdomen (Trunk), and Limbs (Upper & Lower).
What are the subdivisions of the human skeleton?
The subdivisions are axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
The axial skeleton is composed of the skeleton of the head (skull and jaw) and the skeleton of the neck and trunk (vertebral column, ribs, and sternum).
What is the appendicular skeleton composed of?
The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of both pairs of limbs.
What does each limb girdle consist of?
Each limb girdle consists of a girdle buried in the trunk that articulates with the free portions of the limbs and the skeleton of the free portions of the limbs.
What is the upper limb girdle called?
The upper limb girdle is known as the pectoral girdle.
What is the lower limb girdle called?
The lower limb girdle is known as the pelvic girdle.
What bones make up each side of the pectoral girdle?
Each side consists of the clavicle (collarbone) and the scapula (shoulder blade).
What bones make up each side of the pelvic girdle in young people?
Each side consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
What is the pelvic girdle called in adults?
In adults, the three bones of the pelvic girdle are consolidated into a single massive bone called the hip bone (also known as coxal, pelvic, or innominate bone).
What does the pelvic girdle consist of?
The pelvic girdle consists of the right and left hip bones.
What is the bony pelvis composed of?
The bony pelvis is composed of the pelvic girdle plus the sacrum and coccyx.
How are the limb girdles related to the trunk?
The limb girdles are buried in the trunk, making them parts of the skeletal framework of the thorax and abdomen.
What is the arm bone in the upper limb?
The arm bone in the upper limb is the humerus.
What is the thigh bone in the lower limb?
The thigh bone in the lower limb is the femur.
What is the kneecap called?
The kneecap is called the patella.
What are the forearm bones?
The forearm bones are the radius and ulna.
What are the lower leg bones?
The lower leg bones are the tibia and fibula.
How many bones are in the hand?
The hand has 8 carpals and 5 metacarpals.
How many bones are in the foot?
The foot has 7 tarsals and 5 metatarsals.
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Each finger has 3 phalanges.
How many phalanges does the thumb have?
The thumb has 2 phalanges.
How many phalanges does the big toe have?
The big toe has 2 phalanges.
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone and spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Compact bone forms the outer layer of most bones, while spongy bone has a porous structure resembling a sponge.
What is the primary characteristic of compact bone?
It contains more calcified extracellular matrix than spongy bone
Compact bone forms a thick layer in the diaphysis of long bones.
What are osteons?
Repeating circular areas in compact bone known as Haversian systems
Osteons are the structural units of compact bone.
What is the function of osteocytes?
To monitor and maintain the calcified bone matrix
Osteocytes reside in small spaces called lacunae.
What are lacunae?
Small spaces in bone tissue that house osteocytes
Lacuna is singular; they are critical for the health of bone tissue.
What are canaliculi?
Tiny canals radiating from lacunae
Canaliculi form a network connecting lacunae, allowing osteocytes to receive nutrients.
What is the central canal in an osteon?
The central space that contains blood vessels
Also known as the Haversian canal, it is essential for nutrient supply.
What is spongy bone characterized by?
Its resemblance to a sponge with many holes
These holes can be filled with red bone marrow.
What are trabeculae?
Irregular latticework of thin plates and bars of bone in spongy bone
Trabeculae contribute to the strength of spongy bone.
Where is spongy bone typically found?
Inside most bones and in the epiphyses of long bones
It is critical for the structural integrity and function of these bones.
How does red bone marrow relate to spongy bone?
It may fill the spaces within spongy bone
Red bone marrow is involved in the production of blood cells.
True or False: The thumb has 2 phalanges.
True
Each thumb consists of two phalanges, while the big toe also has two.
Fill in the blank: The big toe has _______ phalanges.
2
Similar to the thumb, the big toe is structured with two phalanges.
