Human Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the skeleton

A
  • support, protection, locomotion, mineral reserve, haematopoiesis
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2
Q

Composition of bone

A
  • Osteons ( Haversian System- layers in bones)
    3 types of osteons: organic (~30%, type 1 collagen) gives bones flexibility, tensile strength, inorganic (~70%, calcium and phosphate salts) makes the bone sturdy, compressive strength
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3
Q

Composition of bones (blood and nerve)

A
  • blood vessels: provide nutrients to the bone
  • nerves
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4
Q

Remodelling of bone

A
  • a dynamic living tissue, ableto respond to changes in the environment
  • always been remodelled, the new bone is layedd down (osteoblasts cells) and old bone breaks down (osteoclasts cells)
  • reason why bone is able to heal after a fracture
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5
Q

Rickets

A
  • vitamin d deficiency
  • required for calcium absorption
  • bones overly flexible- lack mineral content
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6
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)

A

-congenital: generic disorder
-affects collagen production
-bones brittle- fracture easily (brittle bone disease)

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7
Q

Shape of bones: long bones

A
  • longer than wider
  • long diaphysis- shaft
  • bones of the limbs eg femur
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8
Q

Shapes of bones: short bones

A
  • width~length
  • similar to long bones
  • bones of the wrist and ankle
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9
Q

Shape of bones: flat bones

A

-thin, flat, usually curved
- skull, sternum, scapula, ribs

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10
Q

Shape of bones: irregular bones

A
  • don’t fit in other categories
  • vertebrae, sacrum, facial bones
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11
Q

Shakes of bones: sesamoid bones

A

-small, round bones embedded in tendons
- protect tendon and increase movement
- patella (knee cap)

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12
Q

Structure of bones

A

Diaphysis (long tube like)
- strong but some flexibility
-most compact bone

Epiphyses (on ends of bone)
- articulate surfaces for joints
- mostly spongy bone but compact on surface

Epiphyseal (growth plate)
- separates diaphysis and epiphysis
- site of growth
-once growth complete, plate ossifies

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13
Q

Structure of bone: periosteum and endosteum

A

Periosteum: covers outer surface of bone and site of attachment for tendons
Endosteum: lines internal surfaces of cavities within bones

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14
Q

Structure of flat bone

A
  • two sheets of compact bone with spongy bone in the middle (cancellous bone (diploe))
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15
Q

How do bones grow

A
  • growth plates in between the surface of dialysis and surface of epiphysials
    -endochondral ossification: happens mainly in growth plates
  • in children, bones are made of soft, flexible tissue (cartilage). The cells in the growth plate start to grow and divide, making the bone longer. As new cartilage is made , the old cartilage is slowly replaced by bone tissue
  • osteoblasts help turn cartilage into bone
  • late teens to early 20s the growth plate fuses with the dialysis, preventing u from growing
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16
Q

Joints in the skeleton

A
  • fibrous: do not allow movement (bones between skull)
  • cartilaginous: have a layer of cartilage between the stow connecting bone
  • synovial “true joints”: have a gap between the twos surfaces of the bones that articulate with each other, allow a greater range of movement that fibrous
17
Q

Organisation of the skeleton

A
  • Axial Skeleton
    • skull (22)
    •vertebral column (33)
    • ribs (12 pairs)
    • sternum
  • Appendicular Skeleton
    ~ upper limb
    • pectoral girdle
    • bones of the arm/hands
    ~lower limb
    •pelvic girdle
    •bones of legs and feet
18
Q

Skull

A
  • most complex area of Skelton
  • houses brain and special sense organs (protective function)
  • viscerocranium: facial skeleton 14
  • neurocranium: surround brain 8
19
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • cervical (7)
    • small, relatively mobile
    • most susceptible to dislocation
  • thoracic (12)
    • articulate with ribs
    • long processes for muscle attachment

-lumbar (5)
• largest body
• susceptible to herniated IVDs

  • sacrum (5 fused)
    • vertebrae fused
    •articulates with hip bones
  • coccyx (~4 fused?)
    • tailbone ( can fracture if land on it)
20
Q

The pectoral girdle

A
  • clavicle and scapula
    -clavicle only bone connecting upper limb to axial skeleton
  • facilitate movement
21
Q

The pelvic girdle

A
  • locomotion (walking, supporting body weight)
  • innominates (hip bones) illium at the top, pubis and ischium (posterior)
  • protect pelvic organs
  • different shape in males and females
22
Q

Limbs

A
  • upper limb
    • arm= humerus
    •forearm= radius and ulna
    • wrist= carpals (8)
    • hand= metacarpals (5), phalanges (14)

-lower limb
• thigh= femur
• leg= tibia and fibula
• ankle= tarsals (7)
•foot= metatarsals (5) and phalanges (14)

23
Q

Sternum and ribs

A
  • surrounding and protect thoracic organs (thoracic cage)
    Important role in respiration
    -flexibility provided by costal cartilages anteriorly
  • sternum angle- important anatomical landmark
  • at level of T4/T5 IVD posteriorly
    -2nd ribs articulate anteriorly
24
Q

Importance of sternum angle

A
  • horizontal plane at level of sternum angle passes through several important structure
    -allows us to palpate and locate 2nd ribs
    Clinical relevance:
  • sternum angle forms boundary of mediastinum
  • location of important structures like aorta, trachea