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Biology 202 > Human Skeletal system > Flashcards

Human Skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

how many bones in the human body

A

206 bone

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2
Q

how much does the skeletal system weight

A

15% of the body weight

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3
Q

musculoskeletal system function

A

determine the shape
of an organism,
supports other organs,
allows for movement.

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4
Q

bones are held together by

A

ligaments

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5
Q

bones are attached to muscles by

A

tendons

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6
Q

replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

A

bone remoddeling

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7
Q

cells that produce collagen and other organic components, become trapped in these secretions

A

osteoblasts

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8
Q

mature osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

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9
Q

large cells that break down bone

A

osteoclasts

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10
Q

bone break down by osteoclasts

A

bone resorption

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11
Q

how many times does bone remodeling replace replace bones in an average human lifetime

A

10 times

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12
Q

bone remodeling is a balance between

A

bone deposition and bone resorption

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13
Q

if too much mineral deposited in bones

A

surplus bone tissue forms thick bumps called bone spurs that can interfere with the movement of joints

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14
Q

if too much bone resorbed

A

bones become weak and overly susceptible to fracture

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15
Q

a progressive bone disease that reduces both the mineral and organic portions of bone increasing the risk of fracture

A

osteoporosis

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16
Q

what is the common cause of osteoporosis

A

prolonged disuse of muscles

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17
Q

what helps maintain bone mass

A

the force produced by active skeletal muscle contractions

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18
Q

what happens when muscles are not used

due to paralysis or illness

A

bone mass declines

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19
Q

another causes for osteoporosis

A

hormonal imbalances

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20
Q

osteoporosis affect women more than men by

A

4 times

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21
Q

hormones that stimulate bone formation

A

estrogen

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22
Q

what causes bone density to decrease and increase the risk of bone fractures when a woman’s reproductive cycle ceases

A

decline in estrogen levels

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23
Q

osteoporosis symptoms and result

A

no symptoms

increase the risk of bone fracture

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24
Q

how can osteoporosis be slowed

down

A

adequate calcium and vit D intake
weight bearing exercises
and sometimes hormonal replacement therapy for postmenopausal women

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25
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton

A

80 bones

26
Q

how many bones in skull

A

22 bones:
8 cranial
14 facial

27
Q

list all bones in axial skeleton

A 
22 bones in the skull (8 cranial + 14 facial)
6 ear ossicles (3 in each ear)
1 hyoid bone in the neck
26 bones in the vertebral column
25 bones in the thoracic cage
28
Q

how many bones are there in the vertebral column

A

26 bones

29
Q

how many bones are there in the thoracic cage

A 
24 ribs (12 pairs)
1 chest bone (sternum)
30
Q

what are the cranial bones

A 
frontal bone (single)
occipital bone (single)
ethmoid bone (single)
sphenoid bone (single)
parietal bone (pair)
temporal bone (pair)
31
Q

large, oval-shaped opening in the

occipital bone of the skull

A

foramen magnum (Latin: great hole)

32
Q

what passes through the foramen

magnum as it exits the cranial cavity

A

the spinal cord

33
Q

fibrous joints connecting the bones of

the skull

A

cranial sutures

34
Q

what are the sutures (immovable joints)

A

coronal suture
sagittal suture
lambdoid suture
squamous suture

35
Q

what are the facial bones

A 
nasal bones (2)
inferior nasal conchae (2)
vomer
zygomatic bones (2)
lacrimal bones (2)
maxillae (2)
mandible
palatine bones (2)
36
Q

the cartilage and bone in the nose that divides the nasal cavity
(inside your nose) into a right and left side

A

nasal septum

37
Q

composition of the nasal septum:

A

4 structure:

  • perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • septal cartilage
  • vomer
  • maxillary bone (the crest)
38
Q

U-shaped bone situated at the root of the tongue in the front of the neck and
between the lower jaw and the largest cartilage of the larynx, or voice box

A

hyoid bone

39
Q 
the only bone in 
humans that does not articulate with 
any other bone, but only has muscular, 
ligamentous, and cartilaginous 
attachments
A

hyoid bone

40
Q

what are the bones in the vertebral column

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccygeal vertebrae
41
Q

an exaggeration of

the convex curve of the lumbar region, resulting in a swayback condition

A

Lordosis (hollow back)

42
Q

an exaggeration of the concave curve of the thoracic region, resulting in a hunchback condition

A

Kyphosis (hump back)

43
Q

abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral

column, which is often accompanied by secondary abnormal curvatures, such as kyphosis

A

Scoliosis

44
Q

thoracic ribs

A

7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs

45
Q

connections between ribs and sternum

A

coastal cartilages

46
Q

the sternum composition

A

3 fused:

  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
47
Q

how many bones in appendicular skeleton

A

126

48
Q

main divisions of appendicular skeleton

A
  1. Pectoral girdles
  2. Upper limbs
  3. Pelvic girdle
  4. Lower limbs
49
Q

pectoral griddle consists of

A

(we have 2 pectoral griddles each consisting of:)

  • cavicle
  • scapula
50
Q

composition of the upper limb

A 
Arm
-humerus
Forearm
-ulna
-radius
Hand
-carpals (wrist) 8
-metacarpals (palm) 5
-Phalanges (fingers) 14
51
Q

hoe many bones are there in one hand

A

27 bone

52
Q

A cartilaginous joint that keeps the
two bones of the pelvis together and
steady during activity

A

pubic symphysis

53
Q

why in females, the pubic symphysis is broader than it is in males

A

because the female pelvis is adapted for childbirth

54
Q

composition of the lower limb

A
  1. Femur (Thigh)
  2. Patella (Kneecap)
    - Leg
  3. Tibia
  4. Fibula
    - Foot (26)
  5. Tarsals (7 bones)
  6. Metatarsals (5 bones)
  7. Phalanges (14 bones)

30*2

55
Q

Classification of joints

A
  1. Immovable
  2. Slightly movable
  3. Freely movable: Synovial joints
56
Q

what are sutures (immovable joints made of)

A

fibrous connective tissue

57
Q

examples of slightly movable joints

A

invertebral discs

pubic symphysis

58
Q

Hinge joint (knee joint) is what type of joint

A

freely movable joint (synovial joint)

59
Q

common feature of a synovial joint

A 
▪ Synovial Membrane:
o Lines the fibrous 
capsule
o Secretes lubricating 
synovial fluid
▪ The fibrous capsule and 
ligaments function to 
stabilize synovial joints
▪ Ligaments:
o Located outside the 
capsule
60
Q

Types of movement at the synovial joints (angular movements)

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Hyperextension
  • Abduction
  • Adduction
  • Circumduction

Biology 202 (2 decks)

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