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psy 1178 - human sexuality > human sexuality - exam 2 - ch. 4, 5, and 6 > Flashcards

human sexuality - exam 2 - ch. 4, 5, and 6 Flashcards

1
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • xxy > egg contains an extra x
  • 1/700 live male births
  • develops female genitalia, but not fully\
  • tall, feminized body
  • low testosterone: low sexual desires
  • gynecomastia
  • infertile
    -testosterone therapy can enhance secondary sex characteristics
  • often goes undiagnosed
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2
Q

turner syndrome

A
  • xo > egg has no second chromosome
  • 1/2,500 live female births
  • ovaries are not fully developed
    1) amenorrhea
    2) infertile
  • short stature
  • immature breast development
  • mental retardation
  • estrogen and progesterone therapy
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3
Q

xxy syndrome and triple x syndrome

A
  • xxy or xxx > sperm contains extra y or egg has an extra x
  • may be normal male (xxy) or normal female (xxx)
  • may have slight mental retardation or fertility issues
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4
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A
  • xx girl exposed to excess androgen from adrenal gland prenatally
  • 1/15,000 girls
  • female internal organs; sometimes masculinized external genitalia
  • corrective surgery; drugs
  • pregnancy possible in many CAH females
  • higher rates of bisexuality and homosexuality
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5
Q

androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A
  • xy but the body doesn’t respond to testosterone that is produced by the testes
  • 1/20,000 boys born with AIS each year
  • no internal reproductive structure except two undescended testes
  • shallow “vagina”
  • breasts develop
  • do not menstruate; infertile
  • surgery can lengthen vagina
  • genetically male, but fully feminized as female
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6
Q

gender roles

A

culturally defined behaviors, attitudes, emotions, traits, mannerisms, appearances, and occupations that are seen by the culture as appropriate for males and females

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7
Q

gender traits

A

biologically determined differences between males and females

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8
Q

evolutionary theory (gender role theories)

A

gender differences are due to adapting to our environment

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9
Q

social learning theory (gender role theories)

A

we learn gender roles for society and our environment

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10
Q

cognitive development theory (gender role theories)

A

universal stages for understanding and utilizing gender

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11
Q

gender schema theory (gender role theories)

A

cognitive structure organize “gender”, influenced by culture

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12
Q

male as hunter

A

rights of passage in many societies

contradictions in the female role

  • provide, but don’t solely focus on career
  • be sexually successful, but not degrading to women
  • be strong and stable, but be emotionally available
  • do not be dependent on a woman

men have a less flexible role than women

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13
Q

female as nurturer

A

characterized by beauty, empathy, concerns, softness, and modesty

contradictions in the female role

  • job fulfillment, but stay at home with kids
  • not just for looks, but use makeup/be thin
  • opportunities are available, on the males terms
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14
Q

what is androgyny?

A
  • the possession of both male and female characteristics in a human
  • flexibility in behaviors
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15
Q

transsexualism

A
  • ones feelings the their gender identity does not match their biological sex
  • “trapped” in the wrong body
  • more males experience this than females
  • sex reassignment surgery is a long process including psychological counseling, live as other sex, hormones, and multiple surgeries
  • M2F: realistic results, orgasm
  • F2M: experimental stages
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16
Q

childhood (gender role socialization)

A
  • learning by playing
  • name, clothing, decorations, toys
  • treatment by parents, teachers, and others
  • model behavior of same gender individuals
  • rewarded for stereotypical behavior, punished for non-stereotypical behavior (especially boys)
  • homosocial play beginning at 2 1/2 to 3 years old
17
Q

adolescence (gender role socialization)

A
  • practice being male or female
  • trying roles to determine what is to be a man or woman
  • can be a difficult time for transgendered, homosexual, bisexual, youth
18
Q

adulthood (gender role socialization)

A
  • careers and families
  • adults can revise their thoughts about gender roles
  • women pursue careers out of desire and necessity, yet hold primary responsibility for home life
  • women are breadwinners 2/3 of low-income families
19
Q

the senior years (gender role socialization)

A
  • double standard: men viewed was “distinguished” women as “old”
  • media contributes to negative attitudes
  • many women experience “empty nest syndrome”
  • negative attitudes about aging exist across many but not all cultures
20
Q

changes to the female body during puberty

A
  • increase size in fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts, buttocks, thighs, pelvis widens and pubic hair grows
21
Q

menstruation

A

uterine lining shed if no pregnancy

22
Q

phases of menstrual cycle

A
  • follicular
  • ovulatory
  • luteal
  • menstrual
23
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation

24
Q

primary

A

never begin menstruation

25
Q

secondary

A

menses cause before reaching menopause

26
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstraution caused by inflammations, constipations, and psychological stress

27
Q

PMS (pre-menstrual syndrome)

A
  • physical or emotional symptoms that occur during the last few weeks of the menstrual cycle
28
Q

PPMD (pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder)

A
  • mood, behavioral, somatic and cognitive symptoms
  • medication (SSRIs) and lifestyle changes provide relief
29
Q

climacteric (menopause)

A
  • period of decreased estrogen production and menstruation stops
30
Q

what age does menopause start?

A

40 - 58, average 51 years

31
Q

what happens to the body during menopause?

A
  • irregular cycles
  • hot flashes
  • headaches
  • sleep disturbances
  • sexual complaints
32
Q

endometriosis

A
  • endometrial cells deposit outside go the uterus
  • symptoms include painful periods, lower abdominal or pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse
  • typically, childless women between ages 25 and 40
  • cause is unknown
  • treatment includes hormones, surgery and laser therapy
33
Q

vulvodynia

A
  • chronic pain and soreness of the vulva
  • symptoms include vaginal burning, itching, rawness, stinging, or stabbing of vagina/vulva
  • pain may be intermittent or constant
  • cause is unknown
  • treatment includes biofeedback, drugs, dietary changes, nerve blocks, surgery, pelvic floor muscle strengthening

psy 1178 - human sexuality (1 decks)

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