human sexuality - exam 2 - ch. 4, 5, and 6 Flashcards
klinefelter’s syndrome
- xxy > egg contains an extra x
- 1/700 live male births
- develops female genitalia, but not fully\
- tall, feminized body
- low testosterone: low sexual desires
- gynecomastia
- infertile
-testosterone therapy can enhance secondary sex characteristics - often goes undiagnosed
turner syndrome
- xo > egg has no second chromosome
- 1/2,500 live female births
- ovaries are not fully developed
1) amenorrhea
2) infertile - short stature
- immature breast development
- mental retardation
- estrogen and progesterone therapy
xxy syndrome and triple x syndrome
- xxy or xxx > sperm contains extra y or egg has an extra x
- may be normal male (xxy) or normal female (xxx)
- may have slight mental retardation or fertility issues
congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- xx girl exposed to excess androgen from adrenal gland prenatally
- 1/15,000 girls
- female internal organs; sometimes masculinized external genitalia
- corrective surgery; drugs
- pregnancy possible in many CAH females
- higher rates of bisexuality and homosexuality
androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)
- xy but the body doesn’t respond to testosterone that is produced by the testes
- 1/20,000 boys born with AIS each year
- no internal reproductive structure except two undescended testes
- shallow “vagina”
- breasts develop
- do not menstruate; infertile
- surgery can lengthen vagina
- genetically male, but fully feminized as female
gender roles
culturally defined behaviors, attitudes, emotions, traits, mannerisms, appearances, and occupations that are seen by the culture as appropriate for males and females
gender traits
biologically determined differences between males and females
evolutionary theory (gender role theories)
gender differences are due to adapting to our environment
social learning theory (gender role theories)
we learn gender roles for society and our environment
cognitive development theory (gender role theories)
universal stages for understanding and utilizing gender
gender schema theory (gender role theories)
cognitive structure organize “gender”, influenced by culture
male as hunter
rights of passage in many societies
contradictions in the female role
- provide, but don’t solely focus on career
- be sexually successful, but not degrading to women
- be strong and stable, but be emotionally available
- do not be dependent on a woman
men have a less flexible role than women
female as nurturer
characterized by beauty, empathy, concerns, softness, and modesty
contradictions in the female role
- job fulfillment, but stay at home with kids
- not just for looks, but use makeup/be thin
- opportunities are available, on the males terms
what is androgyny?
- the possession of both male and female characteristics in a human
- flexibility in behaviors
transsexualism
- ones feelings the their gender identity does not match their biological sex
- “trapped” in the wrong body
- more males experience this than females
- sex reassignment surgery is a long process including psychological counseling, live as other sex, hormones, and multiple surgeries
- M2F: realistic results, orgasm
- F2M: experimental stages
childhood (gender role socialization)
- learning by playing
- name, clothing, decorations, toys
- treatment by parents, teachers, and others
- model behavior of same gender individuals
- rewarded for stereotypical behavior, punished for non-stereotypical behavior (especially boys)
- homosocial play beginning at 2 1/2 to 3 years old
adolescence (gender role socialization)
- practice being male or female
- trying roles to determine what is to be a man or woman
- can be a difficult time for transgendered, homosexual, bisexual, youth
adulthood (gender role socialization)
- careers and families
- adults can revise their thoughts about gender roles
- women pursue careers out of desire and necessity, yet hold primary responsibility for home life
- women are breadwinners 2/3 of low-income families
the senior years (gender role socialization)
- double standard: men viewed was “distinguished” women as “old”
- media contributes to negative attitudes
- many women experience “empty nest syndrome”
- negative attitudes about aging exist across many but not all cultures
changes to the female body during puberty
- increase size in fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, breasts, buttocks, thighs, pelvis widens and pubic hair grows
menstruation
uterine lining shed if no pregnancy
phases of menstrual cycle
- follicular
- ovulatory
- luteal
- menstrual
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
primary
never begin menstruation
secondary
menses cause before reaching menopause
dysmenorrhea
painful menstraution caused by inflammations, constipations, and psychological stress
PMS (pre-menstrual syndrome)
- physical or emotional symptoms that occur during the last few weeks of the menstrual cycle
PPMD (pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder)
- mood, behavioral, somatic and cognitive symptoms
- medication (SSRIs) and lifestyle changes provide relief
climacteric (menopause)
- period of decreased estrogen production and menstruation stops
what age does menopause start?
40 - 58, average 51 years
what happens to the body during menopause?
- irregular cycles
- hot flashes
- headaches
- sleep disturbances
- sexual complaints
endometriosis
- endometrial cells deposit outside go the uterus
- symptoms include painful periods, lower abdominal or pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse
- typically, childless women between ages 25 and 40
- cause is unknown
- treatment includes hormones, surgery and laser therapy
vulvodynia
- chronic pain and soreness of the vulva
- symptoms include vaginal burning, itching, rawness, stinging, or stabbing of vagina/vulva
- pain may be intermittent or constant
- cause is unknown
- treatment includes biofeedback, drugs, dietary changes, nerve blocks, surgery, pelvic floor muscle strengthening
