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Human Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

Normal: Subjective

A

Is it normal to you?

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2
Q

Normal: Statistically

A

Reponse rate %

DSMIV

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3
Q

Normal:Idealistically

A

what you expect- your requirements

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4
Q

Normal: Culturally

A

your background/religious/ ethnicity

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5
Q

Normal: Clinically

A

Physical attributes during sex

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6
Q

A plea for Eros

A

-This is my call for eros, a plea that we not forget ambiguity and mystery, that in matters of the heart, we acknowledge an abiding uncertainty.”

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7
Q

Antioch Ruling

A

The Antioch Ruling, a law enacted at Antioch College in Ohio requiring students to gain consent at each stage of a sexual encounter (first laughed at)

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8
Q

What is Socialbiology?

A 
#1 goal of species: to reproduce.
the application of evolutionary theory to social behavior
-natural selection important in mating
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9
Q

Antioch Ruling

A

The Antioch Ruling, a law enacted at Antioch College in Ohio requiring students to gain consent at each stage of a sexual encounter (first laughed at)

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10
Q

What is Socialbiology?

A
  • # 1 goal of species: to reproduce.
  • the application of evolutionary theory to social behavior
  • natural selection important in mating
  • women develop menstrual synchrony so men hunt
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11
Q

Average male sperm count

A

1,000 sperm per second

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12
Q

Five types of normal

A

Subjectively,statistically,idealistically- culturally, clinically

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13
Q

roots of “sex:

A

latin for “to cut”, “to divide”

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14
Q

Lilith

A

Adam’s 1st wife, possibly Satanic. There was a quarrel and Lilith left Eden for the regions of the air. God sent angels to tell Lilith to get back to Eden or 100 of her offspring would die every day. Lilith refused to go, and swore vengeance against all children because hers had been killed.

In ancient texts, Lilith is depicted as a spirit who roams at night seducing men and killing children, especially newborns.

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15
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association: A book of symptoms and diagnoses

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16
Q

Stud vs. Slut

A

it makes no sense for a man to spend time caring for another man’s offspring

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17
Q

Sex strike theory

A

Reproductive conflict lies at the heart of human social relations.

Among early humans, women, incapacitated by pregnancy and infants, needed the men to go hunt. Women could therefore - Live in “subservient polygyny” or in groups that would be cared for by one faithful male.

So, the theory goes, women developed menstrual synchrony and eschewed sex during menstruation - so the men would go get some food.

The women wanted food and the men wanted sex

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18
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Sex is central
It will all prove to be physical (!)
Even children are sexual
Developmental stages: oral, anal, phallic (Oedipus & Electra), latency, genital
Defenses
Our conscious awareness is only the “tip of the iceberg”
Id - Ego - Superego
Superego: The conscience.
Ego: The “I”: mediates between Id and Reality.
Id: the irrational, the primitive: all desire & need, the stuff of dreams & nightmares. No manners.

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19
Q

Behaviorism (skinner)

A

Behaviors are learned and can be unlearned (e.g. by aversion)
Operant conditioning: we learn behaviors through reinforcement and punishment
Positive reinforcement: increases odds that the behavior will be repeated
Negative reinforcement: removal of an unpleasant stimulus (step off the hot coals)
Random intermittent schedule of positive reinforcement: Guaranteed to keep you hooked. (how they pay the light bills in Vegas

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20
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Cognition: information processing. Includes attention, information gathering, memory, and motivation.
Thoughts & perceptions lead to interpretations & emotions, and all these factors influence behavior. Erroneous beliefs can lead to problems.
Data - Interpretation - Emotions
“Cognitive dissonance:” the mental gymnastics we go through to make ourselves cool with what we are doing
Biggest sex organ: the one between your ears.

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21
Q

Prehistoric Sex
How long?
Taboos?

A

350,000 years of “settling down”

agrarian, nomadic at first
Cave life: the “family” is born
Many religious & cultural rules about sexuality are aimed at PRESERVATION OF FAMILY.

1st Taboo: Incest
Almost all cultures have rules against it

2nd Taboo: Menstruation

Blood a powerful substance & symbol
Menstrual blood, not understood, seems especially powerful

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22
Q

Judeo-Christian Sex

A

Emphasis on family: Sex in marriage fulfills God’s law: “Be fruitful and multiply”

OK to enjoy marital sex; strengthens marital bond

Masturbation, homosexuality not OK: these are non-procreative acts

Onanism: technical term for masturbation

Polygamy: OK for men, but rare; not OK for women

Status of women (in many cultures):

Care for home, children, vineyard, finances;
May be divorced at husband’s whim (rare);
May be stoned to death for adultery;
(Men who commit adultery are prosecuted for property violation)
Women as Property

“Frequency Recommendations” for marital sex:

No occupation - Sex every day
Laborers - Twice a week
Ass-Drivers - Once a week
Camel Drivers - Once a month
Sailors - Every six months
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23
Q

Ancient Greeks (500-300 BC)

A

Family important, but male sexuality not limited to marriage.

Well-developed body is much admired;

adolescent male = perfection
slender women = more attractive
“Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body”
Sex to be enjoyed; off-color jokes in theater

Gods are wildly sexual

Both genders considered Bisexual

Male-Male sex is deemed Normal, even idealized; Male-male relationships do not jeopardize family unit.

Pederasty

Prostitution ok, hierarchy

Status of Women:

About the same as slaves
Women as property
Subject to male authority (1st father, then husband)
No formal education
Stayed at home (even more than Roman women)
May be divorced w/o cause, but could initiate divorce only in extreme conditions

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24
Q

Ancient Romans (BC AD)

A

Restrictions on how women showed off their wealth

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25
Fellation
Fellare- to suck
26
Fornication
Fornix,arch or vault
27
Cunnilingus
Cunnus, vulva, linger to lick
28
Early Christ
Collapse of Rome left an absence of state-imposed law and order as well as a general loss of literacy. Society was ripe for a system of rules and order. Literacy existed mostly among monks. Christ didn't have much to say about sex. Early Christian policy-makers sought to reduce the level of decadence in Greece & Rome. Restrict sex to marital bed Temptations of flesh distract you from God St. Paul (1st Century A.D.); Celibacy is the ideal, the only route to true grace. But, "It is better to marry than burn with desire." Brides must be virgins. Procreation the #1 reason for sex. Men: love your wife with restraint, not passion. Masturbation, prostitution sinful. Divorce is outlawed. St. Augustine (late 4th Century) "Man...fell into sin through the woman who was made out of him before sin existed." Lust was Adam and Eve's sin, the true Original Sin. Lust led to shame. Through Original Sin (transmitted via semen) we inherit the shame. Non-procreative sex is a sin. Augustine admitted that he prayed constantly to God, "Give me chastity - but not yet
29
Middle Ages (476-1450 AD)
R.C. Church dominates in the West. Eve is the bane of human existence. But in Eastern Europe, MARY is flourishing; Crusaders "brought Mary home" and so improved her standing and that of all women ("courtly love"). Protestant Reformation (1480's-1560's) Martin Luther: Priests should be able to marry and have children; Marriage & sex are human nature. John Calvin: Sex is good for other things besides procreation (like bonding).
30
New England
Early New England: Pilgrims seek "Godly communities" based on centrality of family. 3:4 female:male ratio Neighbors living close by one another. Protestant, not Roman Catholic "celibacy ideal" Marriage: To channel lust, strengthen family. "Proper sexual expression" Not OK: Sex outside marriage (unless you were engaged: 10-30% of brides pregnant); Non-procreative sex acts. A little further south, in the Chesapeake region, settlements were different; climate was different; and there was a 1:4 female:male ratio. How do you think the sexual culture might have been different from New England? Pilgrims shocked by Native American sexuality! Native American traditions vary by tribe & region Nudity, sexuality not equated with sin or shame Generally accepted among Native Americans: Premarital intercourse (women could choose their partners) Children's sexual explorations Polygamy Same-sex sexuality, "cross-dressing" People are not property Missionaries called this "Impurity and immorality, even gross sensuality and unnatural vice."
31
Indentured Servants
How to become one: sentenced to the americas No legal rights; cannot marry Illegitimate pregnancies went up significantly If pregnant, you could be Whipped Fined Have another year added to your period of servitude
32
Slaves
if you impregnate a slave, you get more slaves No legal restrictions; what would guide your behavior toward "your" slaves? No legal rights; slaves not allowed to read, etc.
33
anti-miscegination laws
laws prohibiting interracial marriages, latin (miscere "mix", genus "race). Loving v. Virginia black woman and white man married in 1958, police invaded their home, court case went to Supreme Court-won in 1967.
34
China
consider the Tao, "the Way," "The Sacred Path of Nature" - a predominant Chinese philosophy for over 2,000 years Close partnership between Humans and Nature. I'Ching (The Book of Changes) named Yin - the passive (female) force, and Yang - the active (male) force Yin and Yang mesh to propel the Ch'i (vital essence, breath of life) along the Supreme Path. Everyone needs yin and yang in balance. Yin and yang have physical manifestations: yin essence = vaginal lubrication yang essence = semen Through sexual intercourse, yin and yang interact. Ideal: For man to prolong intercourse as long as possible, to absorb more yin essence. He must also, without fail, rouse her to orgasm. "Man and woman should move according to their cosmic orientation...the man should thrust from above and the woman receive below." The ancient Chinese also taught delayed ejaculation techniques, to help prolong intercourse. Same techniques as you'll find in current best sellers on "male multiple orgasm." Chinese sex manuals have been around since at least the second century B.C. Sex acts measured by their yin-yang merits: anal intercourse, fellatio OK if no yang essence is lost; cunnilingus OK; masturbation OK for women (no end of yin), but wasteful for men (loss of yang). Nocturnal emission a big problem, caused by a succubus in the form of a beautiful woman.
35
india
Ancient Hindus of India: sexual pleasure as a spiritual ideal, a spiritual duty From 5th Century on, temples displayed gods, nymphs, & mortals in pursuit of sexual pleasure The famous Kama Sutra seems to have been around since between 300-500 A.D. Sexual fulfillment could improve your karma. Since about 1000 A.D., Indian society has become more restrictive about sexuality.
36
The west
``` Hysteria - hyster is Greek for Uterus Freud's talking cure cliterodectomies vulva massage, water jet method orgasms -> treat female hysteria vibrators -> 1902 salesmen blowfish catalog ```
37
Dildo Diaries
Molly Ivins, Made in Austin Sodomy and Dildos out - lawed in Texas? In Texas, rape is vaginal and penal, not anal
38
Corpora Cavernosa: Female
cavernous bodies: during sexual arousal, nitric oxide levels go up
39
the c word: Female
originally meant many layered, folded mystery
40
Freud and Orgasms: Female
clitoral is an immature orgasm | Mature women: transition from clit to vagina
41
Hymen Problems: Female
partially imperforate: stops things from going in completely imperforate: CLOSED shut replacement therapy
42
Female ejaculation: Female
Annie Sprinkle, PSA -> prostate specific antigen
43
episiotomy: Female
incision, no longer practiced
44
Lubrication: Female
blood increases, blood pressure in vagina, causes vaginal mucosa to sweat
45
ovulation: Female
switches ovaries, some women can tell when it happens
46
Estrogen: female
helps mood, well-being, cognitive abilities, lubrication; lack of can result in "word binding" and PMS
47
progesteron: female
builds up endometrium
48
endometriosis : female
endometrium tissue where it does not belong, can go anywhere , painful
49
ectopic pregnancy: female
occurs when an eggs gets stuck in fallopian tube, very serious
50
Testosterone: female
very little but cant have sexual arousal without it
51
common stis for women
chlamydia, gnorrhea, pelvic infections
52
Pap smear
at the cervix, tests for sti, test for hpv and cervical cancer
53
episiotomy: Female
incision, no longer practiced
54
Lubrication: Female
blood increases, blood pressure in vagina, causes vaginal mucosa to sweat
55
ovulation: Female
switches ovaries, some women can tell when it happens
56
Estrogen: female
helps mood, well-being, cognitive abilities, lubrication; lack of can result in "word binding" and PMS
57
progesteron: female
builds up endometrium
58
endometriosis : female
endometrium tissue where it does not belong, can go anywhere , painful
59
ectopic pregnancy: female
occurs when an eggs gets stuck in fallopian tube, very serious
60
Testosterone: female
very little but cant have sexual arousal without it
61
common stis for women:female
chlamydia, gnorrhea, pelvic infections
62
Pap smear:female
at the cervix, tests for sti, test for hpv and cervical cancer
63
Contraceptive:female
tubal ligation: (tubes tied). hysterectomy (removal of ovary, starts menopause)
64
Toxic Shock syndrome:female
1980's super absorbent material in tampons tore vaginal wall, emitted toxins into the blood
65
Pudenum:female
external female genitals From the Latin for "Shame" We'll use Vulva instead
66
Mons Veneris:female
"Mound of venus" Padding of fatty tissue on front of pubic bone Covered with hair at puberty Good "cushion" for sexual intercourse
67
labia: female
"lips" Labia majora: large outer lips Labia minora: inner lips (think Georgia O'Keefe). Some cultures find really long ones most attractive, so women pull on them to lengthen.
68
Female Genital Mutilation:female
cultural right - clitoridectomy (WHO stats) 6,000 performed every day Girls usually age 4-10 Removal of clitoris, sometimes labia- Can lead to infection, bleeding, pain, death; painful sexual intercourse; dangers in childbirth. Some cultures still consider it a necessary rite of passage into womanhood. Predominately in Africa and the Middle East. 168,000 women in the USA have had this done, mostly in other countries. We may assume that in the phallic phase of the girl, the clitoris is the dominant erotogenic zone. But it is not destined to remain so; with the change to femininity, the clitoris must give up to the vagina its sensitivity, and with it, its importance either wholly or in part, Sigmund Freud 
69
G-Spot: Grafenberg Spot :female
formation of Orgasmic Platform First described in 1950, the "G-Spot" term arrived in 1981. It is a female erogenous zone about the size of a dime located on the anterior (front) wall of the vagina. When stimulated, it may produce intense/lengthy vaginal orgasms and perhaps female ejaculation. In a study published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine in 2008, Gravina et al. studied 20 women and found that "women who experience vaginal orgasm have a urethrovaginal space thicker than those who do not."
70
Skenes glands: female
these have several ducts that emit fluid into the female urethra. They are also referred to as Paraurethral Glands
71
breasts: female
mammary from the Latin mamma - "breast" or "udder" (1682 appeared in English) Breast from the Old English breost, evolved from Indo-European bhreus, "to swell" or "to sprout" (first in English around the 12th century) What are our attitudes about breasts today, and why? Breast implants in America: 329,000 in USA last year. Roughly one-third need 2nd operation within 5 years; some doctors say all implant should be removed within 10-15 years. Risks: contraction of the scar tissue rupture nerve damage mammogram interference
72
Breast cancer: female
Mom -> doubles your risk Halstead Method -> done on dining room table, didn't start to change until 60's and 70's (1 in 8 women can expect breast cancer in a 90-year lifespan) ``` Personal or family history Smoking Excessive weight Heavy alcohol use Prolonged exposure to estrogen ```
73
Breast Cancer Prevention: female
Breast self-exam Monthly right after your period Breasts are naturally lumpy You are looking for changes Clinical breast exam: Frequency to be determined usually every 3 years now annual after age 40 Annual mammogram at age 40, earlier if at risk
74
menstraution: female
Mensis = month Menstruation is divided into 4 PHASES: ``` Proliferative Follows menstruation Estrogen levels rise 10-20 OVA ripen Endometrial cells proliferate ``` Ovulation (14 days to start of period) Estrogen levels peak 1 ovum fully ripens and is released Secretory (Luteal) Phase Progesterone thickens the endometrium so it can support an ovum if released If no fertilization, estrogen and progesterone levels plummet Menstrual Phase May be irregular at 1st and at the end
75
Dysmenorrhea: female
Painful Menstruation Primary dysmennorhea occurs during menstruation; usually entails overproduction of prostaglandins (chemicals which cause uterine muscles to contract). Abdominal aches, cramps, backache, headache, nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, irritability, nervousness. Secondary dysmennorhea prior to or during menstruation; constant, often spasmodic lower ab pain which can extend to back and thighs. Caused by factors other than prostaglandins, inc. presence of IUD (intrauterine device); PID (pelvic inflammatory disease); benign uterine tumors; obstruction of cervical opening; or endometriosis.
76
Amenorrhea: female
Absence of menstruation Primary amenorrhea failure for menstruation to begin at puberty. Possible causes: organ abnormalities; hormonal imbalance; poor health; imperforate hymen. Secondary amenorrhea interruption of an established menstrual cycle: no menstruation for 3 months or more. Pregnancy; breast-feeding; menopause; physical or emotional stressors. athletic amenorrhea - not sure of exact cause; the problem is with ovulation; may have low estrogen levels. Body fat too low? Stressors too great? anorexia nervosa can also cause amenorrhea due to hormonal changes that affect ovulation.
77
Menopause: female
around 47 years of age ovaries go out of business "Change of Life" Pituitary keeps putting out FSH and LH, but the ovaries don't respond. We don't know why. Ova no longer ripen No more estrogen or progesterone production, resulting in "vasomotor instability" (hot flashes, night sweats). Long-term estrogen deficiency may lead to osteoporosis; HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) may increase risks for certain types of cancer Premarin????
78
Foreskin: Male
prepuce:
79
Circumcision: male
``` Dates back to Egypt, 2400 BC Sun worship? Hebrews - Abraham Americans - tradition Medical field: contraversial ```
80
Phimosis: Male
too-tight foreskin
81
Spongy body: male
corpus spongiosum, urethra runs through this
82
testis: male
"witness", lots of nerve endings source of androgens -testosterone
83
sefinerous tubules: male
very long, sperm cell mfd, boy making sperm cells vs girl making sperm cells
84
Tail of epididymis: male
sperm cells mature, STI's can affect fertility
85
vans deferens: male
cut forvasectomy
86
Testicular tortion: male
tangled cord
87
cryptochidism:male
undescended testicle, risk for testicular cancer, can cause hernias
88
seminal vesicles : male
where most of the seminal fluid comes from
89
prostate (gland): male
prostatic fluid (part of semen, milky, alkaline neutralizing
90
prostate cancer: male
1 in every 8 men get it
91
Propecia: male
treats prostate swelling, but it is a very bad idea for pregnant women to handle it (DHT inhibitor--> chemical that makes a penis)
92
bullbourethral glands: male
source of pre-cum
93
ejaculation stages: male
Emission Phase Prostate, seminal vesicles, & upper parts of vas deferens undergo contraction, forcing their secretions down into the ejaculatory ducts & prostatic urethra. Urethral sphincters close, trapping seminal fluid in the urethral bulb. Urethral bulb expands like a balloon. "Ejaculatory inevitability" Expulsion Phase Semen expelled out of penis by strong, rhythmic contactions of muscles surrounding urethral bulb and root of penis. External urethral sphincter relaxes so fluid can get through; internal one remains contracted to prevent expulsion of urine. First contractions strongest, 0.8 seconds apart. refractory period -> depends on age
94
Retrograde ejaculation: male
the two urethral sphincters reverse function: internal relaxes, external contracts. Semen is expelled into the bladder, rather than out the penis. Causes? Prostate surgery, illness, congenital anomaly, some drugs (esp tranquilizer types).
95
Peyronie's Disease: male
Excessive curvature caused by buildup of fibrous tissue in shaft
96
Priapism
Erection that wont go down. | Caused by leukemia, sickle-cell anemia, or spinal cord disease. After six hours, damage may be permanent.

PSY 232 (2 decks)

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