human rights terms Flashcards
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FRACAS
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Fragile and conflict affected state
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Article 71
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Allows UN to consult with NGOs on issues that concern them
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MIFFS
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Middle income fragile state
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Natural law
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Governments are to protect life liberty and property, men are given these because they can reason -John Locke
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R2P
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Responsibility to protect- sovereignty is a privilege not a right a state must protect it’s citizens against mass atrocity crimes and if a state cannot protect its population the international community has a responsibility to intervene
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Rapporteur
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Used in European political and legal contexts referring to someone appointed to investigate an issue or situation
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Rebus sic stantibus
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Treaties become inapplicable due to changed circumstances
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Refoulement
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Protection of refugees from being returned to places where their lives or freedoms could be threatened
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Rendition
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A surrender of persons or property
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Self determination
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Nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference
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Solidarity rights
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Rights of self determination development common heritage peace environment and humanitarian relief
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Stare decisis
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Judges are obligated to honor precedents est by prior decisions
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TNC
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National Transitional Council of Libya anti gaddafi
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Treaty of Westfalia
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Series of peace treaties signed between may and October of 1648 in osnabruk and munster ending the 30 years war in the holy roman empire and the 80 years war between Spain and te Dutch republic
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TRIPS
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Trade related aspects of intellectual property rights layed down by WTO
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UNHCHR
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United nations high commissioner for human rights is an agency that works to promote the rights stated in the UDHR
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UNHCR
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United nations high commissioner for refugees also known as refugee agency
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Versailles Treaty
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One of the peace treaties at the end of WWI germany accepted responsibility for causing the war and to pay reparations
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WHO
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World health organization is part of un for international public health
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WTO
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World trade organization works to liberalize international trade replaced that GATT
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ATCA
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Alien tort claims act universal jurisdiction us can hear human rights cases from foreign citizens for conduct commuted outside the us
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AU
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African union two main goals promote unity and solidarity of African states and act as a collective voice and eradication of all forms of colonialism
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CAT
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United nations convention against torture aims to prevent torture around the world and requires states to take effective measures to prevent torture
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CEDAW
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Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women convention oversight is done by committee on elimination of discrimination against women which is made up of 23 members from un member states
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CERD
Committee on the elimination of racial discrimination
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Complimentarity
Complementarianism is a theological view that men and women have different but complimentary roles in in marriage family life and religious leadership
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Conventional treaty law
Treaties are only binding to ratifying nations
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Corpus delicti
Crime must have been proven to have occurred before it can be punished
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Council of Europe
Organization promoting cooperation between all countries of Europe 47 member states
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CSW
Commission on the status of women part of ecosoc
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Customary international law
Customary international law is a type of international law based on widespread state practice and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations
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Dalit
Outcasts self designation for people typically regarded as untouchable mixed population all over south Asia
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Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples
Adopted by un in 2007 declaration but sets an important standard
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Declaration on the rights of man and citizen droits des hommes
French revolution influenced by doctrine of natural right rights are universal does not address women or slaves but is important precursor
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APT
association for the prevention of torture
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Asian Rights
seeks to promote greater awareness and realization of human rights in the Asian region
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Boomerang Pattern
model of advocacy where state A causes blockage by not protecting or violating rights. Non state actors inform state B of the “blockage” and state B puts pressure on A to change its policies.
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BRAC
international development organization based in Bangladesh, the largest NGO in the world based on employees
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Civil Law
legal system originating in Europe, intellectualized within the frame work of the late roman law. Core principles are codified into a reference system which serves as the primary source of law
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Codification
the process of collecting and restating the law of a jurisdiction in certain areas, forming a legal code
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Common Article 3
non international armed conflict. Certain minimum rules of war apply to armed conflicts that are not of international character (e.g. govt v rebel forces)
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Common law
developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals
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Declaration of the rights of the person and woman citizen
written in 1791 by French activist, Olympe de Gouges seeking to expose the failure of the French Revolution which had been devoted to sex equality
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Derogations
an exemption from the rule or law
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Double Jeopardy
procedural defense that forbids a defendant from being tried again on the same charges following a legitimate conviction
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ECOSOC
UN economic and social council- responsible for coordinating the economic and social related work of the UN’s 14 specialized agencies
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EEZ
exclusive economic zone, a sea zone prescribed by the UN over which state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources
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EPSA
(European Political Science Association) is a professional association of individual political scientists.
Or, (The European Parliament's Stagiaires Association) is a voluntary organisation run for and by stagiaires. EPSA is a democratically elected, stagiaires-led platform which represents the interests of all stagiaires, independent of their political belief or who they work for in the European Parliament.
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Erga omnes
An erga omnes law or legal act applies as against every individual, person or state without distinction.
• In international law, some basic legal precepts are stated to be erga omnes, such as a prohibition against torture, piracy child labor, and in support of state immunity.
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Ethnic cleansing
The systematic elimination of an ethnic group or groups from a region or society, as by deportation, forced emigration, or genocide.
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EU (formerly EEC)
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European Union (formerly European Economic Community).
• An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
• Consists of 27 countries: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.
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Exhaustion of local remedies
It is a principle of international law that protection of human rights should be carried out by national governments.
• National remedies are viewed as more effective than international ones because they are easier to access, proceed more quickly and require fewer resources than making a claim before an international body.
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FAO
(Food and Agriculture organization) The United Nations agency concerned with the international organization of food and agriculture.
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Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are at the core of international humanitarian law, the body of international law that regulates the conduct of armed conflict and seeks to limit its effects. They specifically protect people who are not taking part in the hostilities (civilians, health workers and aid workers) and those who are no longer participating in the hostilities, such as wounded, sick and shipwrecked soldiers and prisoners of war.
• The Conventions and their Protocols call for measures to be taken to prevent or put an end to all breaches.
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Geneva Declaration of 1924
(Declaration of the Rights of a Child) By the present Declaration of the Rights of the Child, commonly known as "Declaration of Geneva," men and women of all nations, recognizing that mankind owes to the Child the best that it has to give, declare and accept it as their duty that, beyond and above all considerations of race, nationality or creed:
1. The child must be given the means requisite for its normal development, both materially and spiritually;
2. The child that is hungry must be fed; the child that is sick must be nursed; the child that is backward must be helped; the delinquent child must be reclaimed; and the orphan and the waif must be sheltered and succored;
3. The child must be the first to receive relief in times of distress;
4. The child must be put in a position to earn a livelihood, and must be protected against every form of exploitation;
5. The child must be brought up in the consciousness that its talents must be devoted to the service of fellow men.
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Genocide
The systematic and widespread extermination or attempted extermination of an entire national, racial, religious, or ethnic group.
• Eight stages include: classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial.
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GII
(Gender Inequality Index) The disadvantages facing women and girls are a major source of inequality. All too often, women and girls are discriminated against in health, education and the labour market — with negative repercussions for their freedoms.
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GONGO
Many NGOs are not actually NGOs. They are what observers are now calling GONGOs – government organized non-governmental organizations. They are funded, staffed, and otherwise supported by governments.
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Habeas corpus
Habeas corpus, or the Great Writ, is the legal procedure that keeps the government from holding you indefinitely without showing cause. When you challenge your detention by filing a habeas corpus petition, the executive branch must explain to a neutral judge its justification for holding you.
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Hague Conventions
The Hague Convention(s) may refer to conventions concluded in The Hague, Netherlands, many of which have been concluded within the Hague Conference on Private International Law.
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HDI
is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. It was created by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and the Indian economist Amartya Sen i.
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Helsinki Watch
was a private American NGO devoted to monitoring implementation of the Helsinki Accords throughout the Soviet bloc. The Helsinki Final Act was signed in 1975, and the organization was founded in 1978. It focused on the human rights and human contacts portions of the Helsinki Agreement
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HRC [two meanings]
1. ) The Human Rights Campaign (HRC) is the largest LGBT equality-rights advocacy group and political lobbying organization in the United States
2. ) The United Nations Human Rights Committee is a United Nations body of 18 experts that meets three times a year for four-week sessions (spring session at UN headquarters in New York, summer and fall sessions at the UN Office in Geneva) to consider the five-yearly reports submitted by 162 UN member states on their compliance with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR, and to examine individual petitions concerning 112 States parties to the Optional Protocol
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HRW
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on human rights. Pursuant to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Watch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which include capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
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Hybrid courts
ad-hoc courts combining international and domestic strategies have also been established on a situational basis. Examples of these “hybrid tribunals” are found in Sierra Leone, Lebanon, East Timor, and Cambodia.
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ICBL
a coalition of non-governmental organizations working for a world free of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions, where mine and cluster munitions survivors see their rights respected and can lead fulfilling lives.
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ICC
The International Criminal Court is a permanent tribunal to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes, war crimes, and the crime of aggression
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ICCPR
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. It commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial
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ICESCR
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a multilateral treaty adopted by the United Nations General Assembly. It commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to individuals, including labor rights and the right, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living.
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ICJ
International court of justice main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international branches, agencies, and the UN General Assembly.
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ICRC
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian institution based in with a mandate to protect victims of international and internal armed conflicts. Such victims include war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other non-combatants.
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ICTR
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Court established in November 1994 by the UN Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to judge people responsible for the Rwandan Genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states between Jan 1 and December 31 1994.
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ICTY
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia: Prosecutes those responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law that was committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991.
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IDP
Internally displaced person: Someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country’s borders.
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IGO
Intergovernmental Organization: Organization primarily of soverign states(referred to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organizations.
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ILO Convention #182
International Labour Organization 182: Helped to focus the international spotlight on the urgency of action to eliminate as a priority, the worst forms of child labour without losing the long term goal of the effective elimination of all child labour
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ILO Convention #169
International Labour Organization 169: Legally binding international instrument open to ratification, which deals specifically with the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples. Today, is has been ratified by 20 countries. Once it ratifies the Convention, a country has one year to align legislation, policies and programmes to the Convention before it becomes legally binding. Countries that have ratified the Convention are subject to supervision with regards to its implementation.
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IMF
International Monetary Fund: International organization initiated in 1944. Stated goal was to assist in the reconstruction of the world’s international payment system post WWII.
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INGOs
International nongovernmental organization: Similar to an NGO but it is international in scope and has outposts around the world to deal with specific issues in many countries.
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International humanitarian law
Seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by protection persons who are not or no longer participating in hostilities.
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ISLA
International Securities Lending Association: Independent trade association established in 1989 to represent the interests of the securities lending industry.
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Jackson-Vanik Amendment
1974 provision in United States federal law, intended to affect U.S. trade relations with countries with non-market economies that restrict freedom of emigration and other human rights.
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Jus cogens
Peremptory norm: Fundamental principle of international law that is accepted by the international community of states as a norm from which no derogation is permitted.
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“Law of Innocents”
Innocent until proven guilty.
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League of Nations
was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
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Lieber Code
was an instruction signed by President Abraham Lincoln to the Union Forces of the United States during the American Civil War that dictated how soldiers should conduct themselves in wartime Limitations a legally specified period beyond which an action may be defeated or a property right is not to continue.
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‘Margin of appreciation’
is a concept the European Court of Human Rights has developed when considering whether a member state of the European Convention on Human Rights has breached the convention. The margin of appreciation doctrine allows the court to take into effect the fact that the Convention will be interpreted differently in different member states
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Martens Clause
introduced into the preamble to the 1899 Hague Convention II – Laws and Customs of War on Land.[1]The clause took its name from a declaration read by Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens,[2] the Russian delegate at the Hague Peace Conferences 1899 and was based upon his words
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Minority treaties
Minority Treaties[a] refer to the treaties, League of Nations Mandates,[1] and unilateral declarations [2] made by countries applying for membership in the League of Nations and United Nations. Most of the treaties entered into force as a result of the Paris Peace Conference.
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MDG’s
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.
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MNC
multinational corporations
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MSF
Médecins Sans Frontières (doctors without borders)
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NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement- is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
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NGO
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are legally constituted corporations created by natural or legal people that operate independently from any form of government.
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NHRI
National human rights institutions (NHRIs) are administrative bodies set up to protect or monitor human rights in a given country.
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NIEO
New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970s by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favour of Third World countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it–especially the United States.
