Human Rights Flashcards
1
Q
Human Rights
Definition and Features
A
*Basic entitlements and freedoms that belong to all humans
- Universal
- Inalienable
- Inherent
- Indivisible
- UDHR - 1948
2
Q
Types of Human Rights
Civil and Political Rights
International covenant of Civil and Political Rights - 1966
A
- First generation
- Individual rights
- Citizenship, freedom of thought and religion, government participation
- UDHR (1-22) ICCPR
3
Q
Types of Human Rights
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
A
- Second Generation
- Individual rights
- material and cultural wellbeing of citizen
- development, education, culture
- UDHR (23-30) and ICESCR
4
Q
Types of Human Rights
Collective Rights
A
- Third Generation
- Group rights
- Self governance and self determination, environmental and peace rights
- Specific treaties and agreements (Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty 1968, Paris Agreement 2015)
5
Q
Developing recognition
A
- Philosophers and social customs seen as acceptable
- Magna Carta - 1215
- Enlightenment Period - 1600s questioning of social and political order
- Historical Documents - US Declaration of Independence - 1776
- UDHR 1948
6
Q
Slavery
“Forced labour where a person is considered to be legal property”
A
- Transatlantic slave trade - non christian slaves
- Abolitionism in the 18th century
- Slave Trade Act 1807 in UK, US in 1808
- Slavery Abolition Act UK fully abolished slavery, US followed in 1861
- Around 50 million people enslaved worldwide today
7
Q
Trade Unionism and Labour Rights
A
- Industrial revolution - unsafe working conditions in the 1800s
- Trade Union ACt 1871 UK - legal status of trade unions
- ICESCR articles 23 and 24
- ILO - International Labour Organisation to improve working conditions
8
Q
Universal Suffrage
“Universal right to vote”
A
- Males who rented land of a certain value, householders etc until 1918
- Adult male population - Representation of the people act 1918 UK
- 1902 - New Zealand first country to give women
- US and UK followed along with Indigenous peoples right to vote
9
Q
Universal Education
A
- European churches took the role of educators for all
- Malala Yousafzai - activist for universal education without gender and racial discrimination
- Education Act 1870 UK
- 2015 Sustainable Development Goals
10
Q
Self Determination
A
- Collective right of people to choose how they are governed
- Treaty of Versailles 1919
- Declaration of the UN 1942
- UN Charter 1945 - recognition of self determination
- ICESCR
- Also applies to Indigenous peoples’ self determination (US)
11
Q
Environmental rights
A
*Right to satisfactory and healthy environment; obligation of governments to protect and preserve environment
- African charter on Human Rights (1981), Stokholm and Rio Declaration (late 1900s) and Koto protocol (1997)
- UN climate change conference 2015 Paris agreement
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12
Q
Peace Rights
A
- right of citizens to expect government to maintain peace
- UN resolution Declaration on rights of people to peace
13
Q
promoting and enforcing human rights
A
- Cannot be enforced until signed and ratified
- State sovereignty issues
- UNSC - veto powers and disagreements
- UNGA - Resource inefficiency
- ICJ - No official court jurisdiction, only advice
- IGOs - States with common interests, AUKUS security pact
14
Q
Media
A
- Pressure governments
- Influence public opinion
- NGOs expose HR violations
15
Q
ICC
A
- Prosecutes transnational crimes and crimes against humanity
- resource inefficiency
- Omar Al Bashid trialed in absentia - HR issue
