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A2 Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Give the function of the scrotum

A

Contains the testes

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2
Q

Give the function of the testes

A

Contains seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs

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3
Q

Give the function of the epididymis

A

Where the spermatozoa mature

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4
Q

Give the function of the vas deferens

A

Connects the epididymis to the urethra

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5
Q

Give the function of the seminal vesicle

A

Produces a secretion that aids the mobility of spermatozoa

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6
Q

Give the function of the prostate gland

A

Produces a secretion that neutralises the alkali of the urine

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7
Q

Give the function of the urethra

A

Tube that carries the urine and spermatozoa out of the body

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8
Q

Give the function of the penis

A

Intermittent organ used to insert spermatozoa into the reproductive system of the female

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9
Q

Give the function of the ovary

A

Oogenesis occurs here

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10
Q

Give the function of the oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

Site of fertilisation, where spermatozoa fuses with an oocyte. After fertilisation a zygote is formed which moves down the oviduct to the uterus

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11
Q

Give the function of the uterus

A

Embryo plants in the endometrium and develops in the uterus

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12
Q

Give the function of the vagina

A

During copulation, spermatozoa are deposited at the top of the vagina

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13
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Haploid number of chromosomes

One chromosome from each homologous pair

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14
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of gametes

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15
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

State the four stages of spermatogenesis

A

1- GERMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS undergo MITOSIS to form SPERMATOGONIA

2- SPERMATOGONIA undergo MITOSIS to form PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

3- PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES undergo MEIOSIS 1 to form haploid SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES. They then complete MEIOSIS 2 to form SPERMATIDS

4- SPERMATIDS mature to form SPERM

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17
Q

What is a sperm cell comprised of?

A

Nucleus
Acrosome
Mitochondria
Flagellum

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18
Q

Give the function of the nucleus in a sperm cell

A

Contains the DNA

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19
Q

Give the function of the acrosome in the sperm cell

A

Release enzymes which digests the zona pellucida

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20
Q

Give the function of the mitochondria in sperm cells

A

Release energy (ATP) for the flagellum to propel the sperm

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21
Q

Give the function of sertoli cells

A

Nourish and protect sperm in the seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

Give the function of the interstitial cells

A

Secrete testosterone

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23
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Hormone involved in stimulating the process of spermatogenesis

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24
Q

When does the first stage of oogenesis occur?

A

Before birth

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25
What is the first stage of oogenesis?
OOGONIA divide by MITOSIS to form PRIMARY OOCYTES ( begin meiosis 1 but stops at prophase 1) GERMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS divide to form FOLLICLE CELLS which surround the PRIMARY OOCYTE
26
When does the second stage of oogenesis occur?
Once a month once the girl reaches puberty
27
What is the second stage of oogenesis?
Follicles begin to develop, only one matures into a Graafian follicle Primary oocyte completed meiosis 1 to form a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body
28
Why does only one follicle develop into a graafian follicle?
In oogenesis there is an uneven splitting of cytoplasm. | The developed follicle has to have enough cytoplasm to provide nourishment for the developing embryo
29
What happens to the graafian follicle?
Moves to the surface of the ovary where it releases the secondary oocyte (ovulation)
30
What happens after ovulation in terms of oogenesis?
The secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2
31
What happens at fertilisation? (Oogenesis)
Sperm cell enters the oocyte. | Secondary oocyte completes meiosis 2, forming an ovum and a second polar body
32
How are zygotes formed (oogenesis)?
Nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the secondary oocyte to form the zygote
33
During copulation, where are spermatozoa ejaculated from?
The epididymis | They travel up the vas deferens and out through the urethra
34
Once spermatozoa is ejaculated, where does it travel?
Swim through the cervix, along the lining of the uterus and into the oviduct where they meet the secondary oocyte
35
What is capacitation?
Physiological changes to spermatozoa to complete fertilisation
36
What must occur before a sperm cell can fertilise an oocyte?
Capacitation
37
What are the two reactions which occur during capacitation?
Acrosome reaction | Corticle reaction
38
What is the acrosome reaction?
The acrosome membrane ruptures and hydrolase enzymes are released. Enzymes digest through the zona pellucida to allow sperm to enter the oocyte
39
What is the cortical reaction?
Contents of the cortical granules fuse with the cell memrane of the oocyte which causes to zona pellucida to modify Fertilisation membrane forms, preventing polyspermy
40
What is polyspermy?
Entry of additional sperm into the oocyte
41
What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?
Stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis 2 Haploid nucleus from each gamete forms a diploid nucleus of the zygote Zygote divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst
42
What is a blastocyst?
Hollow ball of cells
43
What does the rapid division of the zygote cause?
Cleavage
44
What is a trophoblast?
Outer layer of a blastocyst formed when it reaches the endometrium
45
What does the trophoblast consist of?
chorion- develops chorionic villi to absorb nutrients through the endometrium Amnion- forms the amniotic sac
46
What are the female hormones involved during pregnancy?
Progesterone LH (luteinising hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) Oestrogen
47
State when each of the hormones are at their peak levels
FSH- before ovulation LH- during ovulation Progesterone- after ovulation (if fertilisation occurs) Oestrogen- during ovulation
48
What is the role of FSH?
Stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary. Positive feedback on oestrogen
49
Where is FSH secreted?
Anterior pituitary gland
50
What is the role of oestrogen?
Inhibits FSH Positive feedback on LH Triggers the repair of the endometrium
51
Where is progesterone secreted from?
Corpus luteum
52
What is the role of progesterone?
Causes further development of the endometrium
53
What is the role of LH?
Cause ovulation to occur and the graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum
54
What happens to the hormones if implantation doesn’t occur?
FSH and LH levels fall, causing the corpus luteum to degenerate Progesterone levels fall and the endometrium breaks down
55
What hormone is released when implantation occurs, and what is its role?
Human chorionic gonadotrophin | Maintains the corpus luteum for the first 16 weeks
56
What hormones do the placenta secrete?
Progesterone and oestrogen Progesterone suppresses the uterine wall’s to contract Oestrogen stimulates the growth of the uterus and the mammary glands
57
What happens to FSH and LH during pregnancy?
They are inhibited
58
What happens to oestrogen and progesterone at birth?
Oestrogen levels increase | Progesterone decreases to allow uterine walls to contract
59
What 2 other hormones occur at birth?
Oxytocin- stimulates contractions and allows milk to be released from the mammary glands Prolactin- stimulates mammary glands to produce milk Both released by the anterior pituitary gland
60
What os the placenta?
Organ which connects the developing foetus to the wall of the uterus via the umbilical cord
61
What are the 4 functions of the placenta?
* Exchange of gases and nutrients- countercurrent blood system between foetal and mother’s blood to allow for diffusion * Provides a barrier to protect foetus from high BP from mother * Protection from the mother’s immune system * Secretion of horomones
62
What is the function of the amniotic fluid?
Acts as a shock absorber to protect the foetus from impacts

A2 Biology (3 decks)

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