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A2 Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the function of the scrotum

A

Contains the testes

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2
Q

Give the function of the testes

A

Contains seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis occurs

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3
Q

Give the function of the epididymis

A

Where the spermatozoa mature

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4
Q

Give the function of the vas deferens

A

Connects the epididymis to the urethra

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5
Q

Give the function of the seminal vesicle

A

Produces a secretion that aids the mobility of spermatozoa

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6
Q

Give the function of the prostate gland

A

Produces a secretion that neutralises the alkali of the urine

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7
Q

Give the function of the urethra

A

Tube that carries the urine and spermatozoa out of the body

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8
Q

Give the function of the penis

A

Intermittent organ used to insert spermatozoa into the reproductive system of the female

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9
Q

Give the function of the ovary

A

Oogenesis occurs here

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10
Q

Give the function of the oviduct (fallopian tube)

A

Site of fertilisation, where spermatozoa fuses with an oocyte. After fertilisation a zygote is formed which moves down the oviduct to the uterus

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11
Q

Give the function of the uterus

A

Embryo plants in the endometrium and develops in the uterus

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12
Q

Give the function of the vagina

A

During copulation, spermatozoa are deposited at the top of the vagina

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13
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Haploid number of chromosomes

One chromosome from each homologous pair

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14
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of gametes

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15
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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16
Q

State the four stages of spermatogenesis

A

1- GERMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS undergo MITOSIS to form SPERMATOGONIA

2- SPERMATOGONIA undergo MITOSIS to form PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES

3- PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES undergo MEIOSIS 1 to form haploid SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES. They then complete MEIOSIS 2 to form SPERMATIDS

4- SPERMATIDS mature to form SPERM

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17
Q

What is a sperm cell comprised of?

A

Nucleus
Acrosome
Mitochondria
Flagellum

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18
Q

Give the function of the nucleus in a sperm cell

A

Contains the DNA

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19
Q

Give the function of the acrosome in the sperm cell

A

Release enzymes which digests the zona pellucida

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20
Q

Give the function of the mitochondria in sperm cells

A

Release energy (ATP) for the flagellum to propel the sperm

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21
Q

Give the function of sertoli cells

A

Nourish and protect sperm in the seminiferous tubules

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22
Q

Give the function of the interstitial cells

A

Secrete testosterone

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23
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Hormone involved in stimulating the process of spermatogenesis

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24
Q

When does the first stage of oogenesis occur?

A

Before birth

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25
Q

What is the first stage of oogenesis?

A

OOGONIA divide by MITOSIS to form PRIMARY OOCYTES ( begin meiosis 1 but stops at prophase 1)
GERMINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS divide to form FOLLICLE CELLS which surround the PRIMARY OOCYTE

26
Q

When does the second stage of oogenesis occur?

A

Once a month once the girl reaches puberty

27
Q

What is the second stage of oogenesis?

A

Follicles begin to develop, only one matures into a Graafian follicle
Primary oocyte completed meiosis 1 to form a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body

28
Q

Why does only one follicle develop into a graafian follicle?

A

In oogenesis there is an uneven splitting of cytoplasm.

The developed follicle has to have enough cytoplasm to provide nourishment for the developing embryo

29
Q

What happens to the graafian follicle?

A

Moves to the surface of the ovary where it releases the secondary oocyte (ovulation)

30
Q

What happens after ovulation in terms of oogenesis?

A

The secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 but stops at metaphase 2

31
Q

What happens at fertilisation? (Oogenesis)

A

Sperm cell enters the oocyte.

Secondary oocyte completes meiosis 2, forming an ovum and a second polar body

32
Q

How are zygotes formed (oogenesis)?

A

Nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of the secondary oocyte to form the zygote

33
Q

During copulation, where are spermatozoa ejaculated from?

A

The epididymis

They travel up the vas deferens and out through the urethra

34
Q

Once spermatozoa is ejaculated, where does it travel?

A

Swim through the cervix, along the lining of the uterus and into the oviduct where they meet the secondary oocyte

35
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Physiological changes to spermatozoa to complete fertilisation

36
Q

What must occur before a sperm cell can fertilise an oocyte?

A

Capacitation

37
Q

What are the two reactions which occur during capacitation?

A

Acrosome reaction

Corticle reaction

38
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

The acrosome membrane ruptures and hydrolase enzymes are released. Enzymes digest through the zona pellucida to allow sperm to enter the oocyte

39
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

Contents of the cortical granules fuse with the cell memrane of the oocyte which causes to zona pellucida to modify
Fertilisation membrane forms, preventing polyspermy

40
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

Entry of additional sperm into the oocyte

41
Q

What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?

A

Stimulates the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis 2
Haploid nucleus from each gamete forms a diploid nucleus of the zygote
Zygote divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst

42
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Hollow ball of cells

43
Q

What does the rapid division of the zygote cause?

A

Cleavage

44
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

Outer layer of a blastocyst formed when it reaches the endometrium

45
Q

What does the trophoblast consist of?

A

chorion- develops chorionic villi to absorb nutrients through the endometrium
Amnion- forms the amniotic sac

46
Q

What are the female hormones involved during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone
LH (luteinising hormone)
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Oestrogen

47
Q

State when each of the hormones are at their peak levels

A

FSH- before ovulation
LH- during ovulation
Progesterone- after ovulation (if fertilisation occurs)
Oestrogen- during ovulation

48
Q

What is the role of FSH?

A

Stimulates the maturation of a follicle in the ovary. Positive feedback on oestrogen

49
Q

Where is FSH secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

50
Q

What is the role of oestrogen?

A

Inhibits FSH
Positive feedback on LH
Triggers the repair of the endometrium

51
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Corpus luteum

52
Q

What is the role of progesterone?

A

Causes further development of the endometrium

53
Q

What is the role of LH?

A

Cause ovulation to occur and the graafian follicle to develop into the corpus luteum

54
Q

What happens to the hormones if implantation doesn’t occur?

A

FSH and LH levels fall, causing the corpus luteum to degenerate
Progesterone levels fall and the endometrium breaks down

55
Q

What hormone is released when implantation occurs, and what is its role?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

Maintains the corpus luteum for the first 16 weeks

56
Q

What hormones do the placenta secrete?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen
Progesterone suppresses the uterine wall’s to contract
Oestrogen stimulates the growth of the uterus and the mammary glands

57
Q

What happens to FSH and LH during pregnancy?

A

They are inhibited

58
Q

What happens to oestrogen and progesterone at birth?

A

Oestrogen levels increase

Progesterone decreases to allow uterine walls to contract

59
Q

What 2 other hormones occur at birth?

A

Oxytocin- stimulates contractions and allows milk to be released from the mammary glands
Prolactin- stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
Both released by the anterior pituitary gland

60
Q

What os the placenta?

A

Organ which connects the developing foetus to the wall of the uterus via the umbilical cord

61
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A
  • Exchange of gases and nutrients- countercurrent blood system between foetal and mother’s blood to allow for diffusion
  • Provides a barrier to protect foetus from high BP from mother
  • Protection from the mother’s immune system
  • Secretion of horomones
62
Q

What is the function of the amniotic fluid?

A

Acts as a shock absorber to protect the foetus from impacts

A2 Biology (3 decks)

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