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Biology > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define puberty.

A

Puberty refers to the stage of human growth and development in which a person’s body becomes capable of reproduction.

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2
Q

Male gonads

A

2 testes

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3
Q

Genital ducts

A

Sperm ducts, epididymis, urethra

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4
Q

Accessory glands

A

Prostate gland, Cowper’s gland, seminal vesicles

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5
Q

External genitals

A

Penis, scrotum

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6
Q

Function of scrotum

A
  • Located outside the main body cavity, so that testis temperature is maintained at about 2 °C below body temperature
  • Development of sperms take place a temperature lower than body temperature
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7
Q

Function of testes

A
  • Produce sperms and testosterone
  • Receive blood from blood vessels in spermatic cord
  • Leading from the end of each testis is the epididymis
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8
Q

Function of epididymis

A
  • Narrow, coiled tube

* Stores inactive sperms from the testis before they enter the sperm duct

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9
Q

Function of sperm ducts

A
  • aka vas deferens
  • Each about 40 cm long
  • Allow sperms to travel from epididymis to urethra
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10
Q

Function of prostate gland

A
  • Located at the base of the urinary bladder, where the two sperm ducts join the urethra
  • Secretes alkaline prostatic fluid which neutralises the acidity of the urethra and vagina
  • Fluid contains anticoagulant enzymes and nutrients (citrate) for the sperms
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11
Q

Function of urethra

A
  • A tube which passes from the bladder via the centre of the penis to the outside of the body
  • Both semen and urine pass out of the body through the urethra
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12
Q

Function of penis

A
  • Contains urethra and erectile tissue with numerous blood vessels
  • During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fills with blood from the arteries. As the tissue fills, the increasing pressure seals off the veins, causing the penis to engorge.
  • The resulting erection enables the penis to be inserted into the vagina to deposit semen.
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13
Q

Function of ovary

A

•Produce eggs (ova) and hormones, oestrogen and progesterone

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14
Q

Function of oviduct

A
  • Narrow muscular tube lined with a mucus-secreting layer of ciliated epithelium
  • Conveys mature ovum from ovary to uterus
  • Has funnel-like opening lying close to the ovary, making it easier for the ovum to enter the oviduct
  • The ovum is usually fertilised in the oviduct
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15
Q

Function of uterus

A
  • Thick-walled organ about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide
  • Where the foetus develops during pregnancy
  • Has elastic muscular walls which contract to push the foetus out during birth
  • The soft, smooth inner lining or endometrium plays a part in embryo implantation The endometrium breaks down once every 28 days if no pregnancy occurs
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16
Q

Function of cervix

A
  • A narrow ring of muscle that closes the lower end of the uterus
  • Holds the developing foetus within the uterus, expanding only during labour to allow passage of the foetus
17
Q

Function of vagina

A
  • Muscular tube below the cervix
  • Has a wall of smooth muscles lined with mucus-secreting epithelium
  • Opens to the outside at the vulva
  • Where semen is deposited during copulation •Serves as a birth canal
18
Q

Male produces _______ sperms per day?

A

400 million

19
Q

Average LENGTH of sperm is _______?

A

55 micrometers

20
Q

Females have _____ ova in their ovaries at birth?

A

70 000

21
Q

Only about _____ ova will mature in both ovaries?

A

500

22
Q

Define menstruation.

A

The monthly discharge of blood from the uterus via the vagina.

23
Q

Define ovarian cycle.

A

Sequence of changes in the ovary.

24
Q

Define uterine cycle.

A

Changes that occur in the endometrium of a non-pregnant female.

25
Q

Define menstrual cycle.

A

The cycle of events that takes place in the female reproductive organs every month.

26
Q

Factors affecting menstrual cycle

A

1) Illness
2) Stress
3) Malnutrition
4) Unbalanced diet
5) Medication

27
Q

What is a primary follicle made up of?

A

A POTENTIAL egg cell and surrounding follicle cells.

28
Q

What is Graafian follicle made up of?

A

A MATURE egg, surrounded by follicle cells and a fluid-filled space.

29
Q

Define menopause.

A

The period during which ovaries stop releasing eggs and the menstrual cycle stops.

30
Q

Define fertilisation.

A

Fusion of the nucleus of a sperm with that of the ovum to form a zygote.

31
Q

What is implantation?

A

The event where the embryo becomes implanted in the uterine lining.

32
Q

DIAMETER of ovum?

A

120 micrometers

Biology (4 decks)

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