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ZOOLOGY > HUMAN REPRODUCTION > Flashcards

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

humans are oviparous or viviparous?

A

viviparous(give birth to young ones)

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2
Q

what are the steps of reproduction?

A
  1. gametogenesis
  2. insemination
    3.fertilization
    4.implantation
    5.gestation
    6.parturition
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3
Q

what is insemination?

A

transfer of male gamete into female reproductive tract

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4
Q

what is implantation?

A

attachment of blastocyst to uterine wall

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5
Q

what is gestation?

A

period of embryonic development

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6
Q

what is parturition?

A

delivery of the fully developed foetus

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7
Q

parts of male reproductive system?

A
  1. main reproductive part
  2. ductal system
  3. accessory glands
  4. external genitalia(penis)
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8
Q

dimensions of testes?

A

length:4-5cm
width:2-3cm

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9
Q

location of testes?

A

during embryonic development, in abdominal cavity.
before birth, it descends into scrotum

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10
Q

what is monorchidism and cryptorchidism?

A

monorchidism: failure of descend of one testis
cryptorchidism: failure of descend of both testes

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11
Q

what is castration?

A

removal of testes.
in choir boys in european countries, so that their voice remains high pitched.in bulls to make them less aggressive for the use in farming

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12
Q

why are testes located in scrotum?

A

because temperature of scrotum is 2-2.5 degree celsius less than normal body temperature. this low temperature is required for spermatogenesis.

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13
Q

what are the coverings of testes?

A
  1. TUNICA VAGINALIS(parietal and visceral)
    2.TUNICA ALBUGINEA
  2. TUNICA VASCULOSA
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14
Q

how many testicular compartments/testicular lobes are present in one testis?

A

tunica albuginea divides each testis into 250 testicular compartments.

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15
Q

no. of seminiferous tubules in each testicular compartment?

A

2-3

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16
Q

what is the pathway of sperm?

A

seminiferous tubule->tubuli recti->rete testis->vasa efferentia->epidydimis->vas deferens

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17
Q

abdominal cavity is attached to scrotum through?

A

inguinal canal

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18
Q

what passes through the inguinal canal?

A

spermatic cord(blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics)

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19
Q

fibres which attach to the wall of scrotum are called?

A

gubernaculum/mesorchium

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20
Q

epithelium of epidydimis?

A

pseudostratified epithilium with steriocilia
(microvilli)
highly coiled
releases factors for maturity of sperms

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21
Q

parts of epidydimis?

A
  1. caput
  2. corpus
    3.cauda
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22
Q

vas deferens loops around? swollen terminal part of vas deferens is called?

A

urinary bladder, ampulla

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23
Q

what is ejaculatory duct?

A

vas deferens and seminal vesicle ducts form ejaculatory duct which opens finally into the urethra.

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24
Q

what is erection organ? what controls erection?

A

penis. erection is controlled by autonomic nervous system, increase in blood supply and vasodilation takes place.

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25
Q

what is the terminal part of penis called?

A

glans penis.

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26
Q

what is foreskin?

A

the lose fold of skin which covers the penis

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27
Q

seminal vesicle:
paired or unpaired?
location?
seminal fluids?
secretions?

A

paired gland
behind urinary bladder
constitutes 60-70% seminal fluids
transparent jelly like secretion(fructose and prostaglandins)

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28
Q

function of fructose and prostaglandins secreted by seminal vesicle?

A

fructose- provides energy to sperm
prostaglandins- smooth muscle contractors(cause smooth muscle contraction of uterine wall to assist motility of sperm)

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29
Q

prostate gland:
paired or unpaired?
location?
seminal fluids?
secretions?

A

unpaired
prostate part of urethra, at the base of urinary bladder
secretions give milky appearance to semen
constitutes 20-30% seminal fluids
Ca2+ : help in motility of sperm
profibrinolysin: lyse the clot of semen in female genital tract

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30
Q

bulbourethral gland:
paired or unpaired?
location?
secretion?

A

paired
base of penis
mucus(provides lubrication)

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31
Q

what is semen?

A

SPERM(from seminiferous tubule)+SEMINAL VESICLE(from seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland)

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32
Q

what is the pH of semen and why?

A

7.2-7.7
the alkaline pH counteracts the adverse effects of urine.

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33
Q

quantity of semen per ejaculation?
sperm count per ejaculation?

A

2-2.5 ml/ejaculation
200-300 million/ejaculation

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34
Q

what is the condition of sperm required for a male to be fertile?

A

60% of the sperms should have normal shape and size. out this, 40% should have vigorous motility

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35
Q

cells of testicular compartments?

A

1.sertoli cells/nurse cells/sustentacular cells
2.leydig/interstitial cells
3.immuno competant cells

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36
Q

what are the functions of sertoli cells?

A
  1. provide nourishment to sperms
    2.phagocytosis of dead and remains of sperms
  2. release anti-mullerin factor
    4.produce inhibin(to regulate spermatogenesis)
    5.blood-testis barrier
    6.produce ABP(androgen binding protein )
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37
Q

what are the functions of leydig cells?

A
  1. secretion of TESTOSTERONE.(a. spermatogenesis
    b. development of secondary sexual characters)
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38
Q

what are the functions of immuno competant cells?

A

kill/destroy foreign antigen or virus particle

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39
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

it is the formation of haploid spermatids from diploid male germ cell(spermatozoa)

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40
Q

when does spermatogenesis start and end?

A

starts at puberty and continues throughout life although declining at old age

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41
Q

steps in spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia(2n)—–>primary
[growth]
spermatocyte(2n)—–>secondary
[meiosis-1] spermatocyte(n)
—–>spermatids(n)—> spermatozoa(n)
[meiosis-2] [spermiogenesis]

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42
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa.
sperm head gets attached to sertoli cells

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43
Q

what is spermiation?

A

release of sperm into the lumen of seminiferous tubule

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44
Q

which gonadotropins does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A
  1. FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)
  2. LH(leutinising hormone)/ICSH(interstitial cell stimulatory hormone)
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45
Q

action of FSH in regulation of spermatogenesis?

A

it acts on sertoli cells.1. inhibin2. spermiogenesis

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46
Q

action of LH/ICSH in spermatogenesis?

A

acts on leydig cells.
|
androgen
|
spermatogenesis

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47
Q

spermatid v/s spermatozoa?

A

SPERMATID: heavier
has cell organelles like E.R., golgi body
non-motile
SPERMATOZOA: lighter
compact nucleus
less cytoplasm
golgi body forms acrosome
less cytoplasm

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48
Q

parts of sperm?

A
  1. head region
  2. neck
  3. middle piece
  4. tail
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49
Q

what is head region of sperm?

A

head is conical in shape. it has enlarged nucleus

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50
Q

what is acrosome?

A

the tip of the head of sperm is made up of ACROSOME which has enzymes like hyluronidase

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51
Q

explain neck region of sperm.

A

proximal centriole: helps in division of zygote
distal centriole: formation of axial filaments

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52
Q

explain middle piece of sperm.

A

it comprises of large no. of mitochondria which are spirally arranged.
the mitochondria provide energy for sperm motility

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53
Q

how many mitochondria are there in 1 sperm?

A

approx. 25

54
Q

what are clumped mitochondria called?

A

nebenkern

55
Q

what type of movement does human sperm show?

A

flagellar movement

56
Q

what type of movement does sperm of ascaris show?

A

amoeboid movement(non-flagellated)

57
Q

dimensions and shape of ovaries?

A

2-4cm
almond shape

58
Q

what are the parts of ovary?

A

1.germinal epithelium(simple cuboidal)
2.tunica albuginea
3.ovarian stroma[a.peripheral cortex(follicular growth) b. inner medulla(nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics)]

59
Q

what are the parts of female reproductive system?

A
  1. ovary
  2. fallopian tube
  3. uterus(has cervix)
  4. vagina
60
Q

what is the shape of uterus?

A

inverted pear shape

61
Q

what are the parts of uterus?

A
  1. fundus(upper dome shaped)
  2. cornua(the corners where oviducts attach to uterus)
  3. corpus/body(middle part)
62
Q

what are the walls of uterus?

A
  1. perimetrium
  2. myometrium
  3. endometrium
63
Q

explain perimetrium and myometrium.

A

PERIMETRIUM: outermost
protection
MYOMETRIUM: middle layer
smooth muscles
responsible for uterine contractions

64
Q

explain endometrium.

A

innermost layer
glandular
highly vascular
during menstrual cycle it undergoes cyclic changes

65
Q

how is cervix connected to uterus and vagina?

A

uterus-inner opening
vagina-outer opening

66
Q

what are the dimensions of fallopian tube?

A

10-12cm

67
Q

what are the parts of fallopian tube?

A
  1. infundibulum(funnel shaped)
    2.ampulla(wider part, site of fertilisation)
    3.isthmus(last part, narrower lumen)
68
Q

what are fimbriae?

A

they are finger like projections of infundibulum which collect the ovum after ovulation. fimbriae form an opening called OSTIUM

69
Q

dimensions of vagina and what type of structure it is?

A

8-12cm
fibromuscular

70
Q

what is hymen?

A

the vaginal orifice is partially covered by a membrane called hymen.

71
Q

is hymen an indicator of virginity?

A

NO,
hymen can be torn during 1st intercourse but it can also be torn due to vigorous exercise, horse riding, injury etc.

72
Q

parts of external genitalia/vulva?

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. labia majora
    3.labia minora
  3. clitoris
  4. para urethral glands/skenes gland
  5. bartholins gland
73
Q

what is mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora?

A

MONS PUBIS: fatty tissue covered by skin and hair
LABIA MAJORA: fleshy folds which surround vaginal orifice
LABIA MINORA: fold of tissue

74
Q

what is clitoris?

A

it is a tiny finger-like projection present at the anterior junction of labia minora

75
Q

what are the secretions of para urethral glands and bartholins gland?

A

SKENES GLAND: alkaline secretions
BARTHOLINS GLAND: mucus

76
Q

are mammary glands paired or unpaired?
location?
development?

A

-paired
-in front of major pectoralis muscle in thorax region
-at puberty, due to release of progesterone and estrogen

77
Q

mammary glands are modified?

A

sweat glands

78
Q

each mammary gland comprises of how many lobes?

A

15-20 lobes

79
Q

what is inside each lobe in mammary glands?

A

no. of lobules

80
Q

what are alveoli in mammary glands?

A

grape-like cluster of milk secreting glands.

81
Q

structure of mammary glands after alveoli?

A

mammary tubules->mammary ducts->mammary ampullae->lactiferous duct

82
Q

contents of human milk?

A
  1. fats
  2. protein(cassein)
    3.vitamins
  3. minerals
83
Q

what is human milk deficient in?

A
  1. poor Fe content
  2. low vit.C content
84
Q

what is colustrum?

A

1st 3 days of milk after parturition.

85
Q

what does colustrum contain?

A

immunoglobulin IgA

86
Q

what is the milk producing hormone?

A

prolactin

87
Q

what is the milk ejecting hormone?

A

oxytocin

88
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

formation of ova/ovum from gamete mother cell (oogonia)

89
Q

when does oogenesis start?

A

during embryonic stage

90
Q

how many oogonia are formed in each fetal ovary?

A

couple of millions(2-20 lacs)

91
Q

more oogonia are formed after birth. true or false?

A

FALSE

92
Q

what is primary oocyte?

A

oogonia undergoes meiosis-1 and gets arrested at prophase-1, is called primary oocyte.

93
Q

what is primary follicle?

A

each primary oocyte gets surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells forming primary follicle

94
Q

how many follicles are left in each ovary after the degeneration of many follicles during the phase from birth to puberty?

A

60,000-80,000 primary follicles remain in each ovary

95
Q

what is secondary follicle?

A

the primary follicle gets surrounded by more layers of granulosa cells and a new theca layer is formed. the is the secondary follicle

96
Q

features of tertiary follicle.

A

secondary follicle transforms into tertiary follicle
primary oocyte converts into secondary oocyte
presence of antrum
theca is organised into inner theca interna and outer theca externa

97
Q

when is secondary oocyte formed?

A

formed in tertiary follicle.
primary oocyte grows in size and complete 1st meiotic division to form secondary oocyte

98
Q

what type of division is the 1st meiosis? what are the products?

A

unequal division
large haploid secondary oocyte + tiny 1st polar body(n)

99
Q

does secondary oocyte undergo meiosis-2?

A

secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis-2 and gets arrested at metaphase-2

100
Q

what happens if sperm enters the secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase-2?

A

mmeiosi-2 is completed and then fertilisation occurs

101
Q

what happens if sperm does not enter the secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase-2?

A

the secondary oocyte arrested at metaphase-2 is released out of the body during menstrual cycle

102
Q

products of meiosis-2?

A

ovum/ova(n) and 2nd polar body

103
Q

what is follicular atresia?

A

the degeneration of follicles between the phase of birth and puberty

104
Q

what does the tertiary follicle convert into?

A

graafian follicle

105
Q

what is zona pellucida?

A

secondary oocyte forms a layer surrounding it in the tertiary follicle known as zona pellucida

106
Q

what is antrum?

A

fluid filled cavity present in tertiary follicle

107
Q

features of graafian follicle.

A

mature follicle
enlarged antrum

108
Q

what is ovulation?

A

the release of secondary oocyte(ova) by the rupture of graafian follicle

109
Q

what is corpus luteum? features.

A

after ovulation, the reamains of graafian follicle gets degenerated into corpus luteum.
yellow coloured
glandular

110
Q

what is corpus albicans?

A

corpus luteum further degenerates into corpus albicans.
white colored

111
Q

what is menstrual cycle?

A

the reproductive cycle in female primates(monkeys, apes, humans). the cycle of events from one menstruation till the next.

112
Q

what is the duration of menstrual cycle?

A

28/29 days

113
Q

what are the approx. no. of follicles maturing in a female’s lifetime?

A

450-500 follicles

114
Q

what are the phases of menstrual cycle?

A
  1. MENSTRUAL/BLEEDING PHASE
  2. PROLIFERATIVE/FOLLICULAR PHASE
  3. SECRETORY/LUTEAL PHASE
115
Q

what is the duration of menstrual/bleeding phase?

A

3-5 days

116
Q

what happens in the bleeding phase?

A

due to regress/degeneration of corpus luteum, progesterone levels decrease, endometrium ruptures, sheds off and bleeding takes place

117
Q

how much blood is released in the bleeding/menstrual phase?

A

50-100 ml

118
Q

what happens to gonadotropins in the proliferative phase?

A

gradual increase in gonadotropins(FSH, LH).
they stimulate follicular growth and secretion of estrogen from developing follicles

119
Q

why is the 2nd phase of menstrual cycle known as the follicular phase?

A

since follicular growth takes place in this phase in ovary

120
Q

why is the 2nd phase of menstrual cycle known as the proliferative phase?

A

because endometrium regenerates due to proliferation

121
Q

which cells release estrogen in follicular phase causing peak of estrogen hormone?

A

granulosa cells

122
Q

when is the peak in FSH, LH in menstrual cycle?

A

mid cycle(14th day)

123
Q

what is LH surge?

A

rapid release of LH leading to its max. levels during mid cycle

124
Q

what is the effect of LH surge?

A

induces rupture of graafian follicle.
release of ova(OVULATION)

125
Q

what are the pre-ovulatory hormones?

A

FSH
LH
ESTROGEN

126
Q

what is formed in the secretory/luteal phase?

A

corpus luteum

127
Q

what are the secretions of corpus luteum?

A

mainly progesterone
small amount of estrogen

128
Q

what is the main pregnancy hormone? and its function?

A

PROGESTERONE
maintaining the endometrium lining

129
Q

what happens if fertilisation does not take place?

A

corpus luteum gets degenerated
progesterone levels fall
endometrium lining ruptures
begining of new menstrual cycle

130
Q

luteal phase lasts for?

A

14 days

131
Q
A

ZOOLOGY (1 decks)

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