Human Reproduction

Question 1

What’s sexual reproduction

Answer 1

A mobile male gamete fertilises with a stationary female gamete to form a zygote

Question 2

What’s asexual reproduction

Answer 2

When only 1 parent is involved and makes a genetically identical clone
Divide / grows then buds off

Question 3

Sexual vs asexual: no of parents

Answer 3

S: 2
A: 1

Question 4

Sexual vs asexual: gametes

Answer 4

S: specialised gametes are produced
A: x specialised gametes

Question 5

Sexual vs asexual: genes

Answer 5

S: inherit mixed genes
A: clones, genetically identical

Question 6

Sexual vs asexual: genetic variation

Answer 6

S: v genetic variation in the population
A: x —> susceptible to environmental change

Question 7

Answer 7

A: ureter
B: sperm duct
C: erectile tissue
D: urethra
E: penis
F: testes
G: scrotum
H: seminal vesicle
I: bladder

Question 8

Function of seminal vesicles

Answer 8

Produce fluid to make semen

Question 9

Why are testes located outside of the body

Answer 9

Maintain a slightly lower temperature
Optimum temp for sperm production

Question 10

Function of acrosome

Answer 10

It’s an enzyme to digest eggs’ outer layer

Question 11

Where are mitochondrias concentrated in in a sperm

Answer 11

Middle section
Release E by resp to swim

Question 12

What’s the flagellum

Answer 12

Propels the sperm to swim to the egg

Question 13

What is fertilisation

Answer 13

The fusion of male and female haploid gametes to restore diploid chromosome no in zygote

Question 14

Internal vs external fertilisation

Answer 14

Internal: males ejaculate sperm in semen into females’ bodies
External: males and females release sperm and ova in water

Question 15

Diploid zygote → mitosis, specialisation → implant into uterus lining → embryo, placenta

Question 16

Process of fertilisation

Answer 16

In oviduct,
Acrosome digest egg membrane, 2 nuclei fuse, fertilisation of membrane (x sperm can enter)

Question 17

Purpose of fertilisation

Answer 17

Restore diploid no of chromosomes in zygote
Provide genetic variation (meiosis, each hv diff genetic combinations)
(Diff among the same species)

Question 18

Functions of placenta

Answer 18

1. Secrete progesterone — maintain uterus lining
2. Obtain oxygen and nutrients (amino acid, glucose…)
3. Get rid of waste products

Question 19

How are substances exchanged between the mom and the embryo

Answer 19

Diffusion
Without blood mix (clot / immune)

Question 20

How are substances exchanged

Answer 20

Maternal blood in placenta → chorionic villi membrane → umbilical chord

Question 21

Function of the amniotic sac and fluid

Answer 21

Sac: encloses embryo, x inc placenta
Fluid: protect embryo from bumps and jolts

Question 22

Adaptation of placenta to maximise diffusion

Answer 22

1. Chorionic villi: large surface area
2. Lots of capillaries to maintain a high concentration gradient
   E. Thin placenta: short diffusion distance

Question 23

3 stages of birth

Answer 23

Cervix dilation
Baby deliver
After birth delivery

Question 24

What does cervix dilation do

Answer 24

Uterus muscles contract strongly
Amnion rupture
Water breaks

Question 25

What does baby delivery do

Answer 25

Uterus muscles contact strongly to push the baby’s head out

Question 26

What happens in the after birth delivery

Answer 26

Uterus continues to contract, Pushing placenta and membrane out

Question 27

Primary vs secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 27

Primary: you’re born with Secondary: get it from puberty onwards

Question 28

Male secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 28

Male sexual organs develop (enlargement of penis) Growth of armpit, pubic and facial hair Voice breaks Sperm production Inc muscle mass

Question 29

Female secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 29

Female sex organs develop Growth of armpit, pubic hair Voice deepens without breaking Menstruation Hips widen Beast develop

Question 30

Whats ovulation

Answer 30

When the eggs is released (~D14)

Question 31

How is FSH related to the menstrual cycle

Answer 31

From pituitary gland Stimulates ovaries to release oestrogen Stimulates growth of follicle

Question 32

What do follicles do

Answer 32

Does the metabolism and respiration work for the egg

Question 33

How’s oestrogen relevant to the menstrual cycle

Answer 33

From ovary Growth and development of the uterus lining for implantation

Question 34

LH usage in menstrual cycle

Answer 34

From pituitary gland Stimulates ovulation (follicle moves to ovary edge, egg released from follicle)

Question 35

What does the follicle become after ovulation and its functions

Answer 35

Corpus luteum Makes progesterone

Question 36

Source and function of progesterone

Answer 36

Corpus luteum & (Placenta) Maintain uterus lining thickness for implantation

Question 37

What happens to the corpus luteum when there’s no fertilisation

Answer 37

Degrades (x progesterone) Uterus lining shed Period

Question 38

What happens to the corpus luteum when there’s fertilisation

Answer 38

Degrades after the formation of placenta (12w)

Question 39

Rearrange the stages of the menstruation cycle Progesterone, FSH, oestrogen, LH 1. Egg release from ovaries 2. Uterus lining breaks down, period of bleeding 3. Maintain uterus lining 4. Build up uterus lining

Answer 39

2, 4, 1, 3