Human Reproduction Flashcards by Shreya Toppo

Secretions of which male accessory gland helps in the lubrication of penis

Bulbourethral gland

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Secretions of male accessory glands constitute of the seminal plasma which is rich in

Fructose, Calcium and certain enzymes

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Seminal fluid from seminal vesicle constitute ___ percent of semen

60-70

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30 percent of semen comes from the secretions of which gland ?

Prostate gland (prostatic fluid)

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After some time of ejaculation, semen liquifies due to an enzyme. Name the enzyme and the gland that secretes it.

Enzyme- Profibrino

Gland- Prostate gland

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Size of testis in cm

Length 4-5 cm

Width 2-3 cm

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4 distinct characteristics of Human reproduction

Sexually reproducing
Viviparous
Sexual dimorphism
Unisexual

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Which coating of testis covers it all around

Tunica albuginea

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The human male ejaculates ___ sperms during a coitus

200- 300 million

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For normal fertility __ percent of sperms must have normal shape and size and at least __ percent should show vigorous motility

60, 40

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Duct formed by the fusion of duct seminal vesicle and vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

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Gland found in female reproductive tract

Bartholin gland

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If mammary ducts are blocked in breasts, then milk will not be able to move from

Mammary tubule to mammary ampulla

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The funnel shaped part of fallopian, tube closer to the ovary is called

Infundibulum

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Capacitation takes place in the

Female reproductive tract- vagina

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Capacitation refers to the change in sperm before/after fertilization

Before fertilization

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Decapitation occurs in the

Epididymis

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Why is the sperm decapitated

To conserve energy of sperm

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A ____ mammary gland is a characteristic of ALL _________ [Ncert]

Functional, female mammals

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Cells of ___ in breasts secrete milk

Alveoli

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Milk is stored in the ___ of alveoli

Cavities (Lumen)

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Alveoli open into the mammary ____

Tubule

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Several mammary ducts join to form _____

A mammary ampulla

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Mammary ampulla is connected to the_____ through which milk is sucked out

Lactiferous duct

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Milk produced in the initial few days of lactation is known as

Colostrum

Colostrum contains

Antibodies essential for devolopment of resistance in new born babies

Part of the human sperm which is called as energy chamber of sperm is?

Middle piece

Process of formation of a mature female gamete

Oogenesis

Sterility is caused due to the deficiency of

Vitamin E

Vitamin required for healthy gametes

Vitamin A

Gonadotropins are secreted by

Anterior pituitary gland

Gonadotropins releasing hormone GnRH is secreted by

Hypothalamus

After fertilization secondary oocyte forms

Ovum /ootid (n) and 2nd polar body (n) (degenerates)

Maturation phase in oogenesis starts from ____ and continues till ______

Before birth, reproductive stage

First maturation division in oogenesis

Meiosis 1 (primary oocyte to secondary oocyte)

End products of meiosis 2 in oogenesis

Ootid/ ovum and 2nd polar body

Primary sex organs in femals is present in

Abdominal cavity

Primary oocyte is arrested at which stage at the time of birth

Meiosis 1, prophase - diplotene stage

``` Ploidy of- Oogonia Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte Ovum/ootid Polar body ```

``` 2n 2n n n n ```

When is Oogenesis initiated ?

Embryonic devolopment stage

In the fetal life how many oogonia (gamete mother cells) are formed within each fetal ovary

Couple of million

For 10 ovum how many polar bodies are formed?

20 polar bodies

Each secondary spermatocyte after second meiotic division produces

2 haploid spermatids

Lack of mensuration is an indication of

Pregnancy Stress Poor health

Elastic fibres that help in descent of testis

Guberanaculum

Lining of the wall of scrotum and inguinal canal

Cremaster muscle

Function of cremaster muscle

Elevates the testis towards the body at the time of cold.

Involuntary smooth muscle that regulates temperature of scrotal sac

Dartos muscle

Temperature for spermatogenesis

2- 2.5 °C below normal body temperature i.e 34°C

Spermatic cord consists of

Vas deferens, gonadal blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

Spermiogenesis

Transformation of spermatid to sperm

Hormone which maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy

HCG -Human Chorionic Gonadotropin hormone

HCG is initially secreted by ___ and later by ___

Trophoblast, placents

Surgical removal of uterus

Hysterectomy

At the time of puberty how many primary follicles are left in each ovary?

60, 000 to 80, 000

Which event induces the completion of meiotic division of secondary oocyte?

Syngamy- contact of sperm with egg

Hormone responsible for LH surge

Estrogen

Fertilization can only occur if the ovum and sperms are transported ____ to the ____ region

Simultaneously, Ampullary

Intermixing of chromosomes

Amphimixis

Plasmogamy is

The fusion of cytoplasm

Primary egg membrane is secreted by

Oocyte

If for a woman puberty starts at 12 yrs and attains menopause at 50 yrs. How many ova does she produce in a lifetime?

456 ova

Absence of menstrual cycle

Amenorrhoea

Risk period

10th to 17th day

Sperm penetrates corona radiata with the help of enzyme-

Hyaluronidase

Sperm penetrates zona pellucida with the enzyme-

Zona lysin/ acrosin

Intermingling of chromosomes is known as

Amphimixis

All the parts of the sperm dissolves in the cytoplasm of ovum except

Nucleus and Proximal centriole

What is Cleavage?

Rapid and repeated mitotic divisions

What is Cleavage?

Rapid and repeated mitotic divisions

Newly formed cells in cleavage are called

Blastomere

In Cleavage, Interphase is ___. Only __ phase is present

Short, s-phase

Karyoplasmic index in cleavage ____ | Karyoplasmic index in mitosis ____

Increases | Remains constant

Cleavge starts in which part of the fallopian tube

Isthmus

Cleavage stops at which stage

At the end of/ after gastrula stage

Implantation other than the uterus site is

Ectopic pregnancy

What prevents ectopic pregnancy

Zona pellucida

3 characteristics of blastomere

* Sticky * Cohering * Protruding

16 blastomere stage

Morula

Morula name comes from

Mulberry

Morula is found in?

Isthmus of oviduct

How many blastomeres are there in blastocyst stage

16-32 blastomere

Fertilising membrane prevent

Polyspermy

Blastocyst stage is found in

Uterus

At which stage does the embryo get implanted

Blastocyst stage (16-32 blastomere)

Implantation starts after ___ of fertilization

7 days

Implantation is completed on the ___ of fertilization

12th

Which type of implantation do we see in humans

Interstitial type of implantation

Which part of uterus does implantation take place

Fundus