Human Reproduction Flashcards
Humans reproduce
Sexually
Humans are
Dioecius
Internal fertilization takes place in
Ampullary region
Humans are
Viviparous
1st stage of sexual reproduction
Gametogenesis
2nd stage of reproduction
Insemination
Insemination takes place in
Vagina
Semination
Transfer of semen from testes to vasa efferentia
3rd stage of sexual reproduction
Syngamy
Zygote formation is a
Fertilization event
4th stage of sexual reproduction
Repeated mitotic division of zygote
Zygote forms
Morula
Morula forms
Blastocyst/blastula
Blastocyst forms
Gastrula
Morula is
16 cell stage
Gastrula forms
Neurula
Implantation happens in which stage
Blastocyst
5th stage of human reproduction
Gestation period
6th stage of human reproduction
Parturition/delivery
7th stage of human reproduction
Lactation
Sperm is formed at what age
12-15 yrs
Eggs are formed at what age
Larval stage
Eggs mature at what age
Puberty
Menopause occurs at what age
50yrs
Male reproductive system is located in
Pelvic region
Primary/essential male sex organs
Testes(2)- gonad
Testes is extra abdominal to (function)
Keep it 2-2.5° lower than body temp
Male Accessory ducts-6
Retetestis Vasa efferentia Epididymis Vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra
Male Accessory glands - 3
Seminal vesicles - 2
Prostrate gland -1
Cowper’s gland/bulbourethral gland - 2
External male genetalia
Penis
Testes descended into scrotum during
7th-8th month of pregnancy
Failure of descendence of testes into scrotum
Cryptorchidism
Cured by orchioplexy
Spermatic cord
Holds testes in scrotum
Inguinal canal
Connects scrotum to abdominal region
Diameter of testis
4-5 cm
Width of testes
2-3 cm
How many testecular lobules in each testes
250
Structure and functional unit of testes
Semineferous tubules
Terminal part of SNFT
Tubuli recti
Network like structure formed by tubuli recti
Retetestis
Vasa efferentia carry sperm from
Retetestis to epididymis
Head of epididymis
Caput
Body of epididymis
Corpus
Tail of epididymis
Cauda
Functional maturation of sperms takes place in
Vas deferens
Vas deferens loops over
Urinary bladder
Vas deferens recieves duct from
Seminal vesicle at ampulla
Ejaculatory duct joins
Urethra obliquely
1st part of urethra
Prostratic urethra
2nd part of urethra
Membranous urethra
Membranous urethra located near
Cowper’s gland
3rd part of urethra
Penile urethra
Opening of urethra
Urethral meatus
Foreskin aka
Prepuce
Scrotum is located
Extra abdominal
Scrotum keeps temp
2-2.5°C lower
Scrotum 2 compartments demarkated by
Raphe
Scrotal septum
Elastic fibres and connective tissue separate scrotal compartments
Dartose muscle
Smooth muscle in scrotum present below skin
Cremaster muscle
Skeletal muscle present below dartose muscle in scrotum
Cremaster muscle extends up to
Inguinal canal
Cremaster muscle helps in
Thermoregulation
______ holds testes in scrotum
Spermatic cord
Spermatic cord consists of
Arteries veins nerves lymphatics
Posterior part of testes attached to scrotum by
Gubernaculum
Gubernaculum aka
Mesorchium
Outermost covering of testes
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica vaginalis covers testes except
Posterior part where testicular vessels enter
Outer layer of Tunica vaginalis
Parietal layer
Middle layer of Tunica vaginalis
Vaginalis cavity
Inner layer of Tunica vaginalis
Visceral layer
Tunica albuginea
Inward folding causes 250 lobules to form
Middle layer of testes
Tunica albuginea
Innermost layer of testes covering
Tunica vasculosa
Tunica vasculosa
Blood capillaries
Septum like structure made by tunica albuginea at posterior part
Mediastinum testes
_____ present in mediastinum testes
Retetestis
Caput epididymis aka
Globus major
Cauda epididymis aka
Globus minor
Average length of epididymis(coiled)
4cm
Average length of epididymis (uncoiled)
6m
Vas deferens and epididymis developed from
Wolfian duct of mesonephros stage
Fallopian tube develops from
Mullerian duct
2 cylinders of muscular erectile tissue
Corpora cavernosa
Corpora cavernosa located
Dorsally, longitudinally below skin in penis
Corpus spongiosum
Cylinder of muscular erectile tissue located ventrally and longitudinally in penis
Glans penis has only
Corpora spongiosum
Urethral meatus present in
Corpora spongiosum
Tunica albuginea
Dense, white, fibrious, connective tissue that covers both erectile tissue
Tunica albuginea provide
Blood and nerve supply
Erection and ejaculation under ___ nervous system
Autonomous
Erection occurs due to
parasympathetic nervous system
Erection causes _____ in blood vessels and muscles
Dilation
Erection
Gushing of blood to penis
Parasympathetic nerve fibres arise from
Sacrum
Ejaculation occurs due to
Sympathetic nervous system
Temperature low then cremaster muscle undergoes _____ to ______
Contraction
Bring testes closer to body
Temperature low then dartose muscle undergoes _____ to ______
Contraction
Reduce surface area of scrotum
Outer layer of epididymis and vas deferens
Circular muscles
Inner layer of epididymis and vas deferens
Columnar ciliated epithelium
epididymis and vas deferens have ____ to move sperm
Stereocilia
Contraction of circular muscle in vas deferens to
Move semen from epididymis to penile urethra
Male Accesory reproductive glands secrete
Seminal plasma
60-70% of seminal plasma secreted by
Seminal vesicles
Seminal plasma is rich in
Fructose, ca++ ions, enzymes
Cowper’s gland secretion helps in
Lubrication of penis
Unpaired reproductive male gland
Prostate
Seminal vesicles aka
Uterus musculinis
Seminal vesicles located at
Dorso lateral side of urinary bladder
Seminal vesicles formed from
Wolfian duct
Seminal vesicles internally lined by
Glandular epithelium
Seminal fluid
Lubricating, transparent, jelly like
Ph of seminal fluid
7.3
Components of seminal fluid(6)
Fructose Fibrinogens Prostaglandins Citric acid Ionsitol Proteins
Seminal vesicles are
Paired glands
Spermatic cord contains
Vas deferens
Nerves
Veins and arteries
Unpaired male gland
Prostrate
Prostrate gland is located
Below the urinary bladder
Prostate gland has ____ lober
5
Lobes of prostrate gland open up into
Prostratic urethra through many fine apertures
Prostratic secretion is
Slightly alkaline *Milky* *Thick* *Sticky* Jelly like
Prostatic fluid makes up
30% of semen
Use of prostratic fluid
Sperm activation and nourishment
Marker enzyme for prostrate gland secretion
Acid phosphatase
Components of prostratic fluid (6)
Citric acid Calcium Phosphate Clotting enzymes Profibrolysins Acid phosphatase
Why are clotting enzymes present in prostrate fluid
To conserve wnergy of sperms
Which enzyme counteracts action of clotting enzymes in prostratic fluid
Profibrinogens in seminal fluid
Cowper’s gland aka
Bulbourethral gland
Cowper’s gland is located
Below prostrate gland
On either side of membranous urethra
Cowper’s gland paired or unpaired
Paired
Secretions of cowper’s gland poured into
Penile urethra
Cowper’s gland secretion is
Transparent
Slimy
Jelly like
Male urethra ph
6
Cowper’s gland function
Cleans penile urethra for sperm movement
Neutralizes penile urethra acidic envt
Lubrication of penis
1ml semen has
20-120 million sperm
1 ejaculation has
200-300 million sperm
Out of 200-300 million sperm in 1 ejaculation
Atleast 60% normal shape and size
Atleast 40% high mobility
Absence of sperm in semen
Azospermia
Reduced motility of sperm in semen
Asthenospermia
Abnormal morphology of sperm
Teratospermia
1 lobule of testes has
3 semineferous tubules
