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Grade 12 Biology South Africa > Human Reproduction > Flashcards

Human Reproduction Flashcards

Test yourself on the male and female reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle and important terminology.

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What temperature should the testes be kept at?

A

About 2°C lower than body temperature.

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2
Q

At what point can something be called a foetus (rather than an embryo) ?

A

When the tissues have differentiated into organs.

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3
Q

What is puberty?

A

The time when the sex organs develop and start producing gametes.

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4
Q

What does LH (luteinizing hormone) do in boys?

A

Stimulates cells of Leydig to produce testosterone in the testes.

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5
Q

What does LH (luteinizing hormone) do in girls?

A

Stimulates ovulation.

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6
Q

What does FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) do in boys?

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis.

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7
Q

What does FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) do in girls?

A

Stimulates follicles in ovaries to mature and produce oestrogen and an ovum.

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8
Q

Is gametogenesis meiosis or mitosis?

A

Meiosis.

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9
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of sperm from germinal epithelium cells that line the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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10
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The formation of ova from germinal epithelium cells that form the outer layers of the uterus.

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11
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a sperm?

A

Head, midpiece and tail.

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12
Q

Are sperm haploid (n) or diploid (2n)?

A

Haploid (n).

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13
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Temporarily stores spermatids until they mature into sperm cells.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Cowper’s glands?

A

Produces mucus for lubrication and sperm mobility.

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15
Q

What is the vulva?

A

The external female genitalia consisting of the opening to the vagina, covered by two layers called labia.

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16
Q

Is a fertilised ovum haploiod (n) or diploid (2n)?

A

Haploid (n).

(Meiosis II only takes places AFTER fertilisation.

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17
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

The inner lining of the uterus.

18
Q

When does menopause generally occur?

A

When a female is about 50 years of age.

19
Q

What secretes LH and FSH?

A

The hypophysis.

20
Q

Where is oestrogen and progesterone secreted?

A

The ovaries.

21
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The process when the upper layers of the endometrium break down, are shed and discarded with the unfertilised, immature ovum (secondary oocyte) to exit the body via the cervix and vagina.

22
Q

How long does menstruation last for on average?

A

4-6 days.

23
Q

What causes menstruation to start?

A

A drop in hormone levels (progesterone, oestrogen and LH).

24
Q

What us negative feedback?

A

When an increase in the levels of one hormone results in a decrease or complete inhibition of another hormone or hormomes.

25
Q

What two cycles does the menstrual cycle consist of?

A

The Ovarian Cycle and the Uterine Cycle.

26
Q

What does the Ovarian Cycle refer to?

A

The cyclical changes in the ovary.

27
Q

What is the Corona Radiata?

A

The outermost granular layer of the ovum, consisting of follicle cells.

28
Q

True or False:

The ovum is one of the largest cells in the body.

A

True

29
Q

What is the Zona Pellucida?

A

The “jelly-like layer” that surrounds the yolk membrane in the structure of an ovum.

30
Q

What is the function of the Zona Pellucida (aka jelly layer)?

A

Provides protection to the early developmental stages of the fertilised ovum.

31
Q

True or False:

The number of ova in each ovary is pre-determined at birth.

A

True.

32
Q

How do primary spermatocytes (2n) become secondary spermatocytes (n) ?

A

Through meiosis.

33
Q

What is the fucntion of the vas deferens?

A

Transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

34
Q

Which CELLS produce testosterone?

A

Cells of Leydig.

35
Q

What is the function of the urethra in males?

A

Transports urine and semen out of the body.

36
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Enters the vagina during copulation in order to deposit sperm.

37
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Receives penis and semen during sexual intercourse, acts as a birth canal and as a passage for menstrual blood.

38
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Transports egg cell from the ovaries to the uterus through sweeping cilia and peristalsis.

39
Q

What are sexondary sexual characteristics?

A

The characteristics that appear during puberty and distinguish between male and female individuals. They also play a role in attraction between the sexes.

40
Q

True or False:

Menopause occurs when a female runs out of ovq.

A

False.

Grade 12 Biology South Africa (2 decks)

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