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human reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the reproductive organs of a male?

A

the testis, the ducts, accessory glands and the penis

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2
Q

what are the two functions of the scrotum?

A
  1. regulates the temperature of the testis keeping it 2-3 degrees lower than the normal body temperature for formation of fertile sperm
  2. protects the testis(the balls)
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3
Q

define the testis?

A

they are two oval structures suspended outside the body in the scrotum.

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4
Q

what are the two functions of the testis?

A
  1. they produce sperm by the germinal layer

2. they produce testosterones by the interstitial cells

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5
Q

name the 3 different ducts found in the male reproductive structure?

A
  1. epididymis
  2. sperm duct
  3. urethra
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6
Q

seminiferous tubules join to form this duct

A

epididymis

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7
Q

what are the functions of the epididymis?

A
  1. sperm mature in the epididymis
    to become motile and fertile
  2. sperm is stored in the epididymis for months
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8
Q

it is a continuation of the epididiymis, it leaves the scrotum and passes through the prostate gland

A

it is the sperm duct( Vas deferens)

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9
Q

what function is the function of the sperm duct?

A

it pushes mature sperm forward by waves from the epididymis to the urethra.

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10
Q

what is the function of the urethra?

A

it works as a common duct that transports semen and urine

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11
Q

duct at the end of the uro-genitial system leading to the outside

A

urethra

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12
Q

what are the functions of the cowpers gland?

A

1.it produces alkiline mucouse like fluid when aroused(precum)
2.this fluid neutralizes acidic urine
it lubricate the urethra to protect sperm from mechanical damage during ejaculation

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13
Q

what makes a erection occur?

A

the dorsal and central arteries supplying blood to the penis gets dilated which allows blood to fill the three spongy erectile tissue chambers which causes the penis to grow and stiffen

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14
Q

what is the function of the penis ?

A

it deposits semen and sperm into the vagina during sexual intercourse

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15
Q

what is semen(seminal fluid)?

A

seminal fluid from the sperm duct and accessory gland

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16
Q

what is an erection?

A

it is the stiffening of the penis

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17
Q

define ejaculation?

A

it is the expulsion of semen

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18
Q

two almond shaped organs found in the pelvic cavity held in position by ligaments

19
Q

what are the functions of the ovaries ?

A
  1. it forms and releases eggs

2. produces oestrogen an progesterone

20
Q

it is the two fallopian tubes that are mascular tubes lined with cilia, stretched from each ovary to the uterus

A

the fallopian tubes

21
Q

what are the functions of a fallopian tube?

A
  1. pathway between uterus and ovary for eggs, sperms and the zygote
  2. fertalization site and initial cell division for the zygote
  3. it enables the developing zygote to move towards the uterus
22
Q

what are the functions of the uterus?

A

the blastocyst develops and grows in the uterus

the contraction of the myometrium enables a baby to be pushed out during birth

23
Q

read through the uterus

24
Q

it is a mascular wall between the uterus and the outside of the body

A

the vagina

25
what are the functions of a vagina?
1. a place where sperm is deposited during sexual intercourse 2. forms a birth canal during birth
26
what is the clitoris?
a small mass of erectile tissue found at the anterior end of the vulva which causes arousal
27
read through puberty in notebook
read it dude
28
what is gametogenesis?
it is the formation of mature gametes through reproductive glands ,it involves meiosis
29
what is spermatogenesis?
it is when mature haploid sperm are produced from the germinal epithelium into the seminiferous tublets of the testicles
30
look at the structure of the sperm in note book
read sperm structure
31
look at egg structure diagram
page 99
32
explain the three steps of the ovarian cycle during the menstrual cycle ?
1.development of the Graafian follicle the primary follicles mature so they can release eggs under FSH from the pipituary gland a primary follicle develops into a Graafian follicle and the primary follicle undergoes meiosis and develops into a haploid cell 2.ovulation: the follicle matures and moves to the ovary surface and LH simulates the Graafian folic to rapture releasing and egg on day 14 of the cycle 3.formation of the corpus luteum: after ovulation remains of the Graafian follicle under FSH and LH changes into the corpus luteum degenerates if pregnancy does not occur
33
explain what happens during the uterine cycle in the menstrual cycle
the uterine cycle is a series of changes in the endometrium regulated by hormones 1. changes in the endometrium: estrogen is secreted from the maturing follicle starts repairing the endometrium in the 6-14 days of the menstrual cycle .later the endometrium continues to thicken from the oestrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum and the endometrium continues being more glandular making it suitable for implantation
34
what happens during mestruation?
high levels of oestrogen and progesterone's exert negetivefeed back which stops the release of LH and FSH therefore the corpus luteum degenerates and the secretion of O and P stop without hormones to maintain the endometrium lining it sheds as menstruation the detached tissue and blood gets passed out through the vagina
35
explain the hormonal process of menstruation
1. under FSH the primary follicle develops into a Graafian follicle and causes ovaries to produce oestrogen 2. oestrogen stimulate the pipituary gland to produce LH 3. LH cause the Graafian folic to form the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone causing ovulation 4.the increased levels of progesterone and oestrogen activate negative feed back which prevents the pipituary gland from secreting LH and FSH
36
what is feralization?
it is the fusion of the sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote
37
what is a placenta
it is a temporary organ supplied by maternal and foetal blood vessels which connects the foetus with the mother's blood at the end of the umbilical cord.
38
what are the functions of a placenta
1.oxygen and dissolved food substances are passed from the mother to the foetal blood system for respiration and nutrition. 2.foetal waste products of metabolism 3. maternal antibodies pass to the foetus providing passive immunity to diseases 4 acts as a barrier preventing pathogens like drugs from mum 5.preforms endocrine function by secreting progesterone and oestrogen 3 months after pregnancy
39
what is the amnion?
a membrane surrounding the developing embryo and foetus and it secretes amniotic fluid that fills the amniotic cavity
40
what are the 5 functions of the amnion ?
1. gives foetus freedom to move easily 2. cushions foetus from external injuries due to impact from mom 3. provides a medium to practice breathing and swallowing 4. protects foetus against changes in temperature 5. protects foetus against dehydration
41
it is a flexible cord which is extending from its abdomen to the placenta and it joins the foetus to its mother and it contains two umbilical arteries and 1 umbilical vein.
umbilical cord
42
what are the functions of the umbilical cord
1. the umbilical arteries leave the foetus carrying waste and these substance diffuse into the mother 's body and diffuse into her blood and then they are excreted later 2. umbilical vein enters the foetus carrying oxygenated blood and nutrients
43
how does birth occur?
read in text book

human reproduction (1 decks)

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