Human Relationships Flashcards
1
Q
Buss et al. (1992)
A
- Aim: Investigate cross-cultural differences in mate preferences.
- Participants: Over 10,000 individuals from 37 cultures.
- Procedure: Participants ranked the importance of various traits in potential mates.
- Findings: Universal Preferences: Certain traits (e.g., kindness, intelligence) were universally preferred across cultures.
- Cultural Variability: Differences in mate preferences were observed, influenced by cultural factors.
- Gender Differences: Some preferences varied between genders, with men valuing physical attractiveness more than women.
2
Q
Tannen (2017)
A
- Aim: Examined gender differences in communication styles, particularly focusing on how men and women use language in social interactions.
- Procedure: Conducted a qualitative analysis of conversational dynamics and patterns.
- Emphasized the role of contextual factors and societal norms in shaping communication.
- Key Findings: Men often use communication to establish dominance and independence.
- Women prioritize connection and rapport in their communication styles.
3
Q
Kurdek (1991)
A
- Aim: Investigate the correlation between relationship duration and relationship satisfaction in homosexual couples.
- Method: Survey of 62 gay male and 61 lesbian couples.
- Findings: Longer relationship duration was associated with higher relationship satisfaction in lesbian couples.
- No significant correlation was found between relationship duration and satisfaction in gay male couples.
4
Q
Miller (1973)
A
- Aim: Examine the psychological aspects of communication.
- Findings: ntroduces the concept of “magical number seven, plus or minus two” in relation to the capacity of short-term memory.
- Argues that humans can typically hold 5 to 9 chunks of information in their short-term memory.
- Discusses how this capacity influences various aspects of communication, including language processing and comprehension.
5
Q
Allport (1954)
A
- Aim: To investigate the nature and development of prejudice.
- Method: Utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and observations.
- Participants: Examined both children and adults from various social and cultural backgrounds.
- Findings: Identified that prejudice tends to emerge early in childhood and can be influenced by various factors such as family, social environment, and personal experiences.
6
Q
Darley and Batson (1973)
A
- Aim: Investigate the influence of time pressure on helping behavior and the impact of the perceived urgency of the situation.
- Procedure: Participants were told they were part of a discussion group about personal problems.
- Varying degrees of urgency were introduced by informing some participants they were already late, creating a high time-pressure condition.
- A confederate (person in on the experiment) feigned distress during the discussion.
- Results: In the high time-pressure condition, participants were less likely to offer assistance or help the distressed confederate.
- Those with more time were more likely to provide help.
- Conclusion: Time pressure significantly affects prosocial behavior, influencing the likelihood of individuals helping someone in distress.
- The perceived urgency of the situation has a substantial impact on altruistic responses.
7
Q
Sime (1983)
A
- Aim: Investigating the impact of environmental noise on task performance.
- Method: A laboratory experiment. They had to complete a complex cognitive task.
- Participants: Undergraduate students. Divided into high-noise and low-noise groups.
- Results: High-noise group performed significantly worse than the low-noise group.
- Conclusion: Environmental noise negatively influences cognitive task performance.
8
Q
Grant and Gino (2010)
A
- Aim: Investigate the impact of prosocial bonuses on employee performance.
- Method: Conducted field experiments involving participants from various organizations.
- Examined the influence of cash bonuses and prosocial bonuses on the task performance of employees.
- Participants: Employees from diverse job roles and industries. Involved giving participants a bonus to spend on others or a charity of their choice.
- Results: Prosocial bonuses were found to lead to significantly higher job performance compared to cash bonuses.
- Positive impact observed across a range of job roles and industries.
- Conclusion: Findings suggest that prosocial incentives, where employees contribute to a social cause, can enhance employee performance more effectively than traditional cash bonuses.
9
Q
Toi and Batson (1982)
A
- Aim: Investigate the role of empathy in motivating altruistic behavior.
- Participants: Undergraduate students.
- Method: Participants believed they were involved in a study examining the effects of personality on cognitive abilities.
- Exposed to a confederate (another participant) who appeared to have a seizure.
- Results: Participants in the high empathy condition were more likely to offer help to the confederate.
- Demonstrated that empathy played a significant role in predicting altruistic behavior.
- Conclusion: Empathy serves as a crucial motivator for altruistic behavior, evident through participants’ increased likelihood of helping when they believed the Confederate had a seizure history and showed fear.
10
Q
Lehnart and Neyer (2006)
A
- Aim: Investigate the impact of personality traits on relationship satisfaction and stability.
- Participants: Longitudinal study with a sample of German couples (N = 226 couples).
- Method: Utilized a longitudinal design over 3 years.
- Assessed personality traits using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), relationship satisfaction, and relationship stability.
- Results: Found a significant association between personality traits (especially Neuroticism and Agreeableness) and relationship satisfaction.
- Couples with high Agreeableness showed greater satisfaction and stability.
- Neuroticism negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction and stability.
- Emphasized the importance of considering personality factors in understanding relationship dynamics.
- Conclusion: Personality traits, particularly Agreeableness and Neuroticism, play a crucial role in predicting relationship satisfaction and stability over time.
