Human- Population Flashcards
0
Q
What is death rate?
A
The number of deaths in a year per 1000 population
1
Q
What is birth rate?
A
The number of live births in a year per 1000 population.
2
Q
What is natural change?
A
The change in the size of the population caused by the balance between births and deaths. For every 100 people per year. It does not include the impact of migration. Expressed as a percentage.
3
Q
What is the infant mortality rate?
A
The number of deaths of infants (1st birthday) in a year- per 1000 live births.
4
Q
What is life expectancy?
A
The no. of years that a person in a given population can expect to live. Often this figure is broken down by gender because women tend to live longer than men.
5
Q
What is net migration rate?
A
The difference between the numbers of in-migrants and out-migrants in an area.
6
Q
What is fertility rate?
A
The average no. of children expected to be born to a woman over her lifetime- assuming she survives from birth to the end of her reproductive life.
7
Q
What is population density?
A
The number of people living in a given area, usually in square km
8
Q
What would you expect the vital rates to look like in a MEDC?
A
Low birth rate Low fertility rate Low death rate Low infant mortality rates High life expectancy
9
Q
What is an example of a high statutory country?
A
Remote groups.
10
Q
What are the features of a high statutory country?
A
High birth rate
High death rate
Natural increase is stable
11
Q
What are the features of an early expanding country?
e.g. India
A
High birth rate
Rapidly falling death rate
Very rapid natural increase.
12
Q
What are the features of a late expanding country?
e.g. China
A
Rapidly decreasing birth rate
Gradually decreasing death rate
More gradual natural increase.
13
Q
What are the features of a low stationary country?
e.g. UK
A
Low birth rate
Low death rate
Stable natural increase
14
Q
What are the features of a declining country?
e.g. Germany
A
Very low birth rate
Very low death rate
Decreasing natural increase
15
Q
What does DTM stand for?
A
Demographic Transition Model
16
Q
What is the DTM?
A
- A model showing the sequence of the relationship between birth rate and death rates and how it changes over time.
- Is based on the experience of the changes that took place in Britain and other industrialised countries during the 19th and 20th century.
- The model was purely descriptive. However, it is now predictive and it has been suggested all countries will pass through similar stages of population cycles.
17
Q
What are the 5 stages of the DTM?
A
1) High statutory
2) Early expanding
3) Late expanding
4) Low stationary
5) Declining
18
Q
What are the problems with the DTM?
A
1) Derived from a limited data base- European countries
2) Cannot predict total population as it doesn’t include migration
3) Doesn’t predict when transitions will occur or the length of the transitional periods.
4) Doesn’t consider government role e.g. one child policy.
5) Some LDCs death rate may never fall because of diseases like HIV/AIDS
20
Q
What causes the changes in high statutory?
A
High death- limited medical care
High birth rate- limited access/ education on contraception
- Children are an economic advantage
Death rate fluctuates due to disease and famine
21
Q
What causes the changes in early expanding?
A
Low death rate- Better access to health care
- Better nutrition
- Improved sanitation
High birth rate- Children are still an economic advantage due to early mechanisation
Population- increased difference between BR and DR
22
Q
What causes the changes in late expanding?
A
Slowly decreasing death rate- Continuation of improved conditions
Decreasing birth rate- More education on contraception
- Children have less economic worth
Population- Difference between BR and DR is decreasing
23
Q
What causes the changes in low stationary?
A
Low death rate- Continued improvements to lives
- Welfare provisions
Low birth rate- Children are expensive
- Changing views on family and greater independence of women
24
Q
What causes the changes in declining?
A
Death rate has levelled out- Maximum medical advancements
Birth rate continues to decrease- Greatest choice and independence for women/ young couples
- Expense of children
Population- Possible natural decrease
25
When did the UK enter the different stages?
Stage 1- 1700
Stage 2- 1760 (60 years)
Stage 3- 1880 (120 years)
Stage 4- 1950 (70 years)
26
What was the UK like before stage 1?
Famine and plague like the Great plague of 1665 were common
27
What caused the UK to progress to stage 3?
- Rapid urbanisation in the 1870's which alerted public officials and industrialists- public health acts of 1848 and 1869.
- Factory workers recognised that an unhealthy workforce was less productive.
- Clean piped water and sewage system reduced disease.
- Higher incomes led to better diets and improved transport and farming allowed the demand to be met
28
Why did the birth rate start to fall after 1875 in the UK?
Advances in science included more control of mortality and the development of contraception.
29
When did India enter the different stages?
Stage 1- 1910
Stage 2- 1950 (40 years)
Stage 3- 1980 (30 years)
30
Why did India move to stage 2?
- Independence from Britain in 1947
| - Improved hygiene, public health and the modernisation of medical facilities decreased DR
31
Why did India move to stage 3?
- In less than 20 years, India's population doubled and this particularly affected areas with a traditionally low population where land was over farmed resulting in soil erosion.
- The government introduced a series of birth control policies to stem population growth.
32
What is India like currently?
- Nearly 1 billion people
- Birth rate 29/1000yr and death rate 10/1000yr
- Life expectancy 59 years
- Literacy has doubled in the last 30 years.
- Population growth of 1.9% in 1997.
- 26% live in urban areas.
33
What is the population structure?
The proportion of males to females in an area usually in the form of age distributions.
34
What is a population pyramid?
The best way to illustrate the population structure. The vertical axis has the population in age band of 5 years and the horizontal axis shows either the total number of males and females as the percentage. It shows longevity by its height.
35
What are the three age groups?
Young dependents
Independents
Old dependents
36
What are some general facts about the UK population?
No. of over 65s set to increase by 1.4 million over the next 5 years.
Additional burden of £32 billion for pensions and nearly £40 billion for healthcare by 2014.
37
What are the economic advantages of an ageing population?
- 65+ spend an average of £4,500 a year in the shops.
- Retail market for over 65s will go from £37 to £64 billion in 10 years.
- Saga which caters for over 50s has trebled in profits in 5 years to £130 million in 2006.
38
What are the economic disadvantages of an ageing population?
- Higher taxes
| - Raising deficit.
39
What are the political advantages of an ageing population?
- Over 65's twice as likely to vote as under 25s therefore political parties have a wide selection of society to appeal to.
40
What are the political disadvantages of an ageing population?
- Overwhelm the coalition
- Conservatives may scrap winter fuel allowance and free bus passes
- Pension age would need to rise to 72 in 20 years to keep costs at the same level as in 1981
41
What are the social advantages of an ageing population ?
Grandparents save the UK £11 billion in childcare each year
42
What are the social disadvantages of an ageing population?
- Considering charging for the NHS
- 1/4 of home care services are not meeting all the quality and safety standards.
- People need to sell their homes.
43
What is the shape of a high statuary pyramid?
Concave
44
What shape pyramid is early expanding?
Straight sides
45
What is the shape of a late expanding pyramid?
Slower increase/ stationary
46
What is the pyramid shape for low stationary?
Stable/slow
| Increase/contarctive
47
What is the dependency ratio?
- How many young people (under 16) and older people (over 64) depend on people of working age (16-64)
- The higher the number, the more people need looking after. LEDCs have a dependency ratio of 80+ while MEDCs have a dependency ratio of less than 70.
48
How do you calculate the dependency ratio?
% under 16 + % over 64. Then divide by the % between 16-64.
| Dependents/ Independents
49
What is an ageing population?
A country in which the proportion of elderly people is increasing due to rising life expectancy and/or declining birth rates.
50
What is the case study for an ageing population?
UK
51
What is a case study for a youthful population?
Uganda
52
How much of Uganda's population is under the age of 15?
50%
53
Why has Uganda's dependency ratio increased?
- High fertility rate (7.1 in 1991)
| - Low contraceptive prevalence
54
How does Uganda's youthful population affect family welfare?
- Health of mothers and children is adversely affected by high fertility.
Early child bearing results in:
- Lack of material resources affects initial development
- Encourages school drop-out
- AIDS risk increased
55
What is the impact of Uganda's youthful population on health services?
- Demand for health services is rising due to high fertility and the AIDs epidemic.
- The poor infrastructure is insufficient to cope with this and is characterised by uneven distribution and poor access to facilities.
56
How does Uganda's youthful population impact on education?
- The government had aimed for universal primary education by 2003.
- Population of primary age is expected to grow from 3 to 7 million by 2021.
- Larger expenditures will be needed to provide teachers, classrooms, materials and equipment.
57
How does Uganda's youthful population impact on the labour force and unemployment?
- Accounts for substantial expansion of labour.
- Labour force expected to double to 16.8 million in 2021.
- Limited formal sector employment opportunities limiting the economy and increasing unemployment, rural-urban migration and crime.
58
How does Uganda's youthful population impact on urbanisation and housing services?
- Rapid population increase had not been matched by growth and development of infrastructure and the provision of adequate housing and social amenities is not keeping pace with demand.
- Over-crowding, slums and deterioration
- Very few have access to electricity, safe drinking water or toilets.
59
How does Uganda's youthful population impact on social security?
- Low proportion of elderly, the youthful population and its associated problems, such as unemployment and poverty result in high dependency.
- No comprehensive social security system and individual households have to become responsible.
60
How does Uganda's youthful population impact on the demand for environmental resources?
- High population result s in the degradation of the environment.
- Increasing land fragmentation and decrease in soil fertility causes crop yields to fall.
- Use of marginal land which cannot sustainably support agriculture.
- Depletion of wetlands to expand agricultural lands and forest depletion to gain land use firewood for fuel.
61
Give some facts about employers in Poland?
52% companies face problems recruiting the necessary workers.
72% companies find it difficult to replace employees who have migrated.
42% companies lost out to foreign companies.
62
What is the case study for the impacts of migration?
Poland
63
What are the social impacts of migration in Poland?
- There is less pressure on local resources such as housing, food and education and health services- reduction in population density.
- Returning migrants increase social expectations, demanding improved facilities which they grew accustomed to abroad.
- Population structure become imbalanced with a disproportionate number of elderly and fewer males. Consequently, females may struggle to find prospective partners.
64
What are the economic impacts of migration in Poland?
- Money is sent home to the family of the migrants, where it can be invested back into the economy.
- Migrants returning home bring back new skills which can revitalise the economy.
- Loss of the young adult labour force may result in labour shortages particularly for new large scale developments in infrastructure. The loss of the most skilled workers and those with entrepreneurial talents can slow economic growth or even produce a negative multiplier effect, limiting foreign trade and investment.
- Returning migrants may impose a social cost on the community if support mechanisms are not in place to cater for them e.g. pensions l
65
What are some of the impacts of Polish migration on the UK?
£2.5 billion contributed annually by Eastern European migrants
80% migrants are aged 18-35 offsetting the UK's 'greying population'
Some employers prefer to hire migrants because they are stereotypically hard working, enthusiastic and skilled
66
What is a case study for optimum population?
Easter island
67
What is population density?
The number of people in a given area. Calculated by dividing the total population of a region by the total area of that country.
68
What is overpopulation?
When there are too many people in an area relative to the amount of resources and the level of technology available locally to maintain a high standard of living.
69
What is under population?
Where there are too few people living in an area to use the resources efficiently for a given level of technology. In this situation an increase in population would mean a more effective use of resources and an increased standard of living.
70
What is optimum population?
Is the theoretical population which, working with all available resources will produce the highest standards for the people of that area. This is a dynamic concept, when technology improves, more resources will become available and more people can then be supported.
71
What is carrying capacity?
The total population that can be supported the resources of that area e.g. the desert has a lower carrying capacity than a humid temperate climate where food can be grown.
72
What was easter island like before the first people?
- Covered in tropical forest
| - Soil protected from erosion by trees and is volcanic meaning it is very fertile.
73
Where is easter island?
Pacific ocean 2000 miles from other land mass
8x8 miles
Biggest population was 10,000
74
How did the first people live on Easter island?
- 1600 years
- Houses made of wood, palm and thatch
- People were farmers, if there wasn't enough land or food there would be fighting or people would move.
- Technologically advanced as they built and transported giant statues.
75
What was Easter island like when an explorer came across it in 1722?
- Found people living very simply in caves and huts.
- Lots of statues had been destroyed
- Only 3000 people were living on the island.
76
Give some basic information about Malthus?
- Pessimistic
| - 1798
77
What were the key principles of Malthus?
- If population is unchecked it grows at a geometric rate
1 2 4 8 16 32
- Food only increases at an arithmetic rate as land is finite
1 2 3 4 5 6
- Malthusian catastrophe- population will cross over food production causing war, famine and disease.
78
What evidence supports Malthus's theory?
- Negative checks used to limit the population growth- abstinence,post ponement of marriage which lowered the fertility rate.
- Only for working class
- Positive checks reduce population size by events e.g. famine, disease, war- increasing mortality rates+ decreasing life expectancy
- Malthusian catastrophe hasn't occurred.
79
Give information about Boserup?
- Optimistic
| - 1965
80
What were the key principles of Biserup?
- Believed that people have the resources of knowledge and technology to increase food supplies.
- Opposite to Malthus- suggested that population growth has enabled agricultural development to occur.
- Assumes people know of the techniques required by more intensive systems and used them when the population growth.
81
What evidence is there for Boserups theory?
- Argued that the changes in technology allow for improved crop strains and increased yields: gm grops and green revolution
- Admits overpopulation can lead to unsuitable farming practices which may degrade the land e.g. desertification in the Sahal region
- Based on the assumption of closed society without considering migration.
82
What is the case study for an optimum population using an anti-natalist policy?
One child policy, China
83
How much did China's population increase between 1949 and 1988
40 million to 1050 million
84
What happened to China in 1949?
- People's republic of China founded
- Improving living conditions of the population was a priority for the communist government
- Improved food and water supplies, sanitation and health care.
85
What happened to China between 1958-61?
Arable land was lost at an increasing rate because of urbanisation, natural disasters and soil erosion
Land and water per person was a 1/4 of the world average.
86
What happened in China in 1970?
'Later, longer, fewer'
- Population policy
- By end of decade women were having 1/2 as many children
87
What happened in China in 1980?
- One child policy
- In some rural areas you have to apply to the council to get permission to have a child.
- Penalties of up to 13,000 for more than one child
- Financial benefits for one child
88
What happened in China between 1985-95?
- Unemployment increased by 1.2%
| - Despite high rate of economic growth, 1/4 of the natural income was used to cope with the additional population.
89
What social negatives has China experienced because of the one child policy?
- In 1990, there was 36.21 million more men than women
- Dramatic rise in levels of prostitution and trading of women with police freeing more than 42,000 kidnapped women and children in 2001.
- Male children more desirable- abortions and abandoment
- 70,000 children kidnapped every year
- Between 1980 and 2006, the no. of multiple births doubled.
- Spoilt, obese children with poor social skills and selfish mentality.
- One adult child has to support 2 parents and 4 grandparents.
90
What negative economic impact did the one child policy have on China?
- Traditional reliance on children to support parents will need to be replaced by social health care and facilities for the elderly.
- Pensions are restricted to government jobs and workers in state enterprise. The number of people entitled to a pension are decreasing therefore children are an investment for old age.
91
What are the negative demographic effects of China's one child policy?
- Regional differences- rural birth rates much higher than the national average.
- By 2025, over 30% of the population will be over 65.
92
What are the positive demographic effects of China's one child policy?
- Since 1980, population growth has been reduced by 300 million.
- In 2007, the population was 25% lower than experts predicted it would be without the policy.
- In 2000, the population growth rate was still 1.07%
93
What are the positive social effects of China's one child policy?
- China discourages the discrimination, mistreatment and abandonment of baby girls.
- 'Care for girls' program aims to eliminate cultural discrimination against girls in rural and underdeveloped areas through subsidies and education.
- Increase in individual savings and more money to invest rather than spend on children.
94
What is a pro-natalist policy?
A strategy to encourage more births
95
Why would a country introduce pro-natalist policies?
When the birth rates are in line with or have fallen below the replacment level.
96
In developed countries what problems does a decline in fertility and increase in longevity cause?
1) Decrease in supply of labour
2) Ageing population
3) Long term prospect of population decline and demise.
97
What is the replacement rate for a population?
2.1
98
What is the case study for achieving an optimum population through a pro-natalist policy?
France
99
Give some information about France and its pro-natalist policy?
- France experienced a baby boom in WW2 replenishing the diminished population
- The high birth rate didn't continue, meaning overtime a greying population emerged.
- France implemented a series of incentives as part of its policy.
- France had to import workers from ex-colonial North African countries to meet their labour demands.
- They worried shrinking population would weaken their political position as a major power in world affairs.
100
What were some of the incentives France used to encourage people to have children?
- £1000 payment for 3rd child
- Generous maternity grants- 20 weeks-40 for 3rd child
- 30% reduction on public transport for 3 child families
- Child-orientated development policies
- Childcare from virtually free to up to 500 euros a month
- Free education for every child from the age of 3.
101
What are the disadvantages of France's pro-natalist policy?
- Frances fertility level has once again started to fall.
| - In comparison to how much money has been invested the fertilty rate never increased that significantly.
102
Describe the features of the inner city
- High density housing mainly 19th century terraces and 1960's flats.
- Ethnic minorities
- Young professionals and students
- Poorest parts of society and wealthier young people in redeveloped.
- Unskilled, unemployed or students
- Lots of urban decay with derelict industrial sites but is close to services and shops in the CBD.
103
Describe the features of the suburbs?
- Mix of detached and semi-detached homes with a combination of council and private homes.
- Decreasing proportion of ethnic minorities
- Families with children
- Increasing wealth
- Tertiary sector and skilled employment
- Local shopping with good transport links to CBD.
104
Describe the characteristics of the rural/urban fringe?
- Low density, high quality private housing
- Families with children and some elderly
- Less ethnic minorities
- Increasing wealth
- Tertiary sector
- Has out of town shopping, airports and recreational activities.
105
Describe the characteristics of a rural area?
- Large and privately owned, often new
- Majority white population
- Wealthier residents who have moved from the city and less wealthy original residents.
- Elderly people
- Managerial and professionals and agricultural workers
- Village shops closing and poor public transport.
106
What is happening to rural areas?
- Accessible rural areas are expanding while remote ones are in decline because of lack of transport and facilities and because they are too expensive for the majority of people to afford.
107
What are the social effects of welfare provision?
- High crime rate in the inner city due to high levels of unemployment and poverty. There is often a poor relationship between the community and police and crime rates fall as you move further away from here.
- Tension between different ethnic groups in the inner city because of higher proportion of ethnic minorities. However, may also occur in rural areas.
- Rural areas often experience a lack of transport resulting in isolation. Out-migration leads to closure of services like shops and post offices.
108
What are the economic effects of welfare provison?
- Industrial decline and lack of investment can lead to high unemployment in inner city. There is also increasing unemployment in rural areas due to agricultural decline.
- Poverty highest in inner city leading to higher death rates and poorer general health due to bad nutrition, education and services.
109
What are the effects of welfare provision on the environment?
- Old poor quality housing often in disrepair creates poor living environment in inner cities.
- Air pollution is highest in inner cities due to the remaining industrial sites and high volumes of traffic.
- Graffiti and vandalism levels highest in inner city where they are empty and derelict buildings. Vandalism can also be high in the suburbs where there's a larger population of children and teenagers.
110
What is a census?
- A count of all people and households in the country. It provides population statistics from a national to neighbourhood level for government, local authorities and businesses and communities.
111
Give a brief history of the census...
- Since 1801 every 10 years
- Last census in 2011 with around 25 million households
- The English form collected information on accommodation, relationships, demographic characteristics, migration, culture, health and provisions, qualifications, employment and journey to work.
112
What information does the census collect on population?
- Used to calculate the size of grants allocated to local authorities to provide services such as health care.
113
What information does the census collect on employment?
- Shows how many people work in different occupations and industries, helping government to plan jobs and training policies.
114
What information does the census collect on ethnic groups?
- Identify the extent of disadvantage in an area and the success of equal opportunity policies.
115
Why do they do the census?
- Public services such as schools, health services, roads and libraries need to be planned to keep pace with fast changing patterns of modern life.
- Every 10 years, the census provides a bench mark. It gives a complete picture of the nation because the same questions are asked and information reordered in the same way, different groups can be compared across the nation.
116
Why are there high numbers of 20-40 year olds in urban areas?
- Young independents are migrating into cities from the UK and other countries in order to obtain employment and most of them cannot afford to commute.
117
Why are there high numbers of children under 4 in urban areas?
- Some of the younger independents are starting to have children but cannot yet afford house in the country.
118
Why are there fewer children aged 5-15 in urban areas?
- As their parents have become wealthier, they can afford to move out of the city and commute.
119
Why are there fewer people aged over 45?
- Older independents are wealthier and can afford to move out of the city and commute.
120
What will happen to the population in cities?
- Overall because of a high BR and a low DR, there will be an increase in population. Furthermore, net migration is positive leading to further population growth.
121
What are the consequences of an urban area with an increasing population?
- High number of in-migration leads to rapid growth, can result in urban sprawl on edges, also meaning large areas of housing of varying quality.
- Increase in demand for services in the CBD
- Increasing social and economic problems from poor quality housing and prevalence of deprived areas.
- Increase in ethnic mix leading to multicultural societies- Oldham riots, conflicts and racism.
- Increase in inner city and CBD edge due to redevelopment, gentrification.
122
What are the consequences of a decreasing population?
- Areas become rundown and neglected with poor environment quality and poor quality housing, leaving behind deprived areas of society such as the poor, elderly and single parent families.
- A small population, the service base is reduced, leading to a downward spiral which makes investment unlikely.
- Likely to relate to different parts of the city e.g. inner city
123
What is the definition of social welfare?
- The well being of communities. It refers to the access that groups of people or individuals have to job opportunities, housing, health care, education, an unpolluted environment and freedom to practice your own culture and religion.
124
What are some of the general problems with social welfare?
- It is not equally spread throughout society
- Certain social, ethnic and age groups can be concentrated in particular areas.
- The government and local authorities then need to consider what services to be provided in that area.
125
What is an example of an inner city area?
Byker, Newcastle
126
What is an example of a suburban area?
Jesmond
127
Give 4 characteristics of Byker?
- 48% of the population 16-74 have no qualifications
- 18% of the population consider themselves to have poor general health and 30% have a long term illness.
- 69% of residents do not have any vehicle.
- 37% of the people 16-74 years are economically inactive.
128
Give 3 characteristics of Jesmond?
- 72% of residents own at least one vehicle
- 35% of the residents 16-74 are full time students
- 7% of the population are from a 'non white' ethnic group
129
What services are in place in Byker to deal with the fact that 48% of the population 16-74 have no qualifications?
- Better by half is run by the Housing Authority offering training, volunteering, employment, franchising and self-employment opportunities.
- East End Education Partnership Action Zone aims to help raise standards of achievement in literacy, maths and science in order to end the cycle of unemployment.
130
What services are in place in Byker to deal with the fact that 18% of the population consider themselves to have poor health generally?
East End Health identifies gaps in the provision of health services and setting up projects and activities to bridge the gap.
- Food and nutrition project help young people understand the importance of health and active lifestyles.
- Healthy living Project works with adults to improve their physical and mental health status through a range of projects e.g. Women's art group.
131
What services are in place in Byker to deal with the fact that 69% of residents do not own any vehicle?
- Community transport provides group transport services for the elderly, disabled youth and community groups.
- 16 seat minibuses with accessible lifts and wheelchair friendly interiors.
132
What services are in place in Byker to deal with the fact that 37% 16-74 are economically inactive?
- MoneyWise Credit Union is a saving and loan co-operative where members save regularly and take out loans at a low interest (between 0.5 and 2%)
133
What services are in place in Jesmond to deal with the fact that 72% of residents own at least one vehicle?
- Strict Parking restrictions on the main streets e.g. Osbourne Road.
- The council are trying to introduce a residents' parking scheme which will result in a 30% reduction of parking spaces with up to 50% of some areas becoming residential only parking.
134
What services are in place in Jesmond to deal with the fact that 35% 16-74 are full time students?
- Holly Medical Group is a GP practice specifically for students
- Large numbers of student letting agents in order to meet demands of the population e.g. Charles Lamb residential lettings.
135
What services are in place in Jesmond to deal with the fact that 7% of the population are from a non-white ethnic background?
- Range of religious buildings such as Muslim Welfare House and Holy Trinity Church Office.
