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Higher Human > Human Physiology And Health : Unit 1 > Flashcards

Human Physiology And Health : Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

The seminiferous tubules

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2
Q

Where is testosterone produced

A

The interstitial cells

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3
Q

What starts puberty

A

The hypothalamus secreting a releaser hormone telling the pituitary to release FSH and LH in females and FSH and ICSH in males

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4
Q

What are the accessory glands and what do they do

A

Prostate Glands, seminal vesicles, secrete fluids that helps to maintain sperm mobility and viability

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5
Q

How is a Thrombus (Blood Clot) formed

A 
Prothrombin (Inactive Enzyme)
⬇️
⬇️ ⬅️ Clotting Factors(Vitamin K)
⬇️
Thrombin (Active Enzyme)
⬇️
⬇️⬅️Fibrinogen (Soluble in blood)
⬇️
Fibrin (Insoluble in blood)
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6
Q

What happens during atherosclerosis

A 
Accumulation of fatty material( cholesterol, calcium, fibrous material) under the endothelium lining - called an at atheroma or plaque
Artery thickens as atheroma grows
Linen narrows
Blood flow is restricted
Blood pressure increases
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7
Q

Structure and function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart

  • Connective tissue containing elastic fibres (to street and recoil to accommodate blood flow)
  • Smooth muscle layer containing elastic fibres( can contract or relax causing Vasoconstriction or vasodilation)
  • Inner endothelium lining
  • Narrow lumen
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8
Q

Structure and function of Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart

  • Connective tissue containing elastic fibres
  • Smooth muscle
  • Inner endothelium lining
  • Wide lumen
  • contain valves to prevent backflow
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9
Q

Structure and function of capillaries

A

To exchange substance with tissue through their thin (1 cell thick) walls

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10
Q

Why does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur

A

To direct blood flow

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11
Q

What is hypertension

A

Prolonged high blood pressure

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12
Q

What happens during puberty

A

Hypothalamus secrets a released hormone
⬇️
Stimulates the pituitary gland

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13
Q

What happens during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Pituitary produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  2. FSH stimulates development of the follicle
  3. Follicle produces oestrogen
  4. Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and thins the cervical mucus
  5. High levels of oestrogen cause a surge in Luteinising hormone
  6. Surge in LH is direct cause of ovulation
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14
Q

What happens during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. Corpus Luteum develops
  2. Corpus Luteum secrete progesterone
  3. Progesterone promotes vascularisation of the endometrium
  4. High levels of oestrogen from the follicle and progesterone from the Corpus Luteum
  5. Luteinising hormone & Follicle Stimulatim Hormone levels drop due to negative feedback on the pituitary
  6. Corpus Luteum can’t be maintained
  7. Endometrium can be maintained
  8. Menstruation
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15
Q

What happens in the menstrual cycle

A

Pituitary Gland produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone
⬇️
FSH stimulates development of the follicle
⬇️
Follicle produces oestrogen
⬇️
Oestrogen stimulates proliferation of the
endometrium and thins the cervical mucus
⬇️
High levels of oestrogen cause a surge in Luteinising hormone
⬇️
Surge in LH is direct cause of ovulation
⬇️
Corpus Luteum develops
⬇️
Corpus Luteum secrete progesterone
⬇️
Progesterone promotes vascularisation of the endometrium
⬇️
High levels of oestrogen from the follicle and progesterone from the Corpus Luteum
⬇️
Luteinising hormone & Follicle Stimulating Hormone levels drop due to negative feedback on the pituitary
⬇️
Corpus Luteum can’t be maintained
⬇️
Endometrium can be maintained
⬇️
Menstruation

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16
Q

How do you treat Infertility

A

Stimulating Ovulation
(Drugs either mimic FSH and LH or prevent negative feedback of oestrogen on FSH)
Can cause super ovulation (produce multiple eggs)

Artificial Insemination
(Sperm is collected over an amount of time and delivered directly to the egg)
Used when either the male us infertile or the sperm count is low

In Vitro Fertilsation (IVF)
Multiple ova are surgically removed after a hormone treatment to stimulate ovulation
Sperm is collected from the male and the ova and sperm are mixed in a dish to fertilise the ova
Zygotes are then incubated until at least 8 cells have been formed and are then implanted into the uterus

Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)
Used in conjunction with IVF
Cells can be tested for genetic abnormalities like single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities
Allows for specific cells to be selected and used

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Happens during IVF
Used when defective sperm or those with a low sperm count
Involves injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm

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17
Q

What are the two types of contraception

A

Chemical and barrier

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18
Q

What are the types of barrier methods and what do they do

A

Sterilisation (called a vasectomy in males) cut is seals that tube that carry’s sperm in males and cuts or seeks the oviduct in female - permanent
Condom/diaphragm- blocks sperm passage to vagina/cervix
Cervix cap/ Contraceptive sponge- blocks the sperms access to cervix
IUD/Intra uterine device/Coil - last for 5-10 years, creates a hostile environment for sperm through releasing copper

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19
Q

What are the types of chemical methods and what do they do

A

The morning after pill
-prevents ovulation

Combined Pill
-works by releasing hormones that simulate negative feedback preventing the release of an egg

Mini Pill

  • Thickens cervical mucus
  • Progesterone only pill can prevent ovulation
20
Q

What is the purpose of antenatal screening

A

Used to identify risk of a disorder

21
Q

What types of antenatal care are they

A

-Ultra sound
uses high frequency sound to produce an image
2 types
-Dating scan
Determine stage and due day of pregnancy
Occurs during 8-14 weeks
-Anomaly Scan
Can detect serious physical abnormalities

-Blood and Urine test
Checks for marker chemicals 
Can confirm pregnancy or indicate the possibility of genetic metabolic problems
I’d done at wrong time can result in a false positive
-The Marker Chemicals
HCG - Human Chorionic gene
AFP - Alpha Foeto Protein
Estriol - oestrogen hormone

Karytopes - Shows an individuals genes as homologous pairs
Two ways to form - CVS and Amniocentesis
Chronic Villus Sampling - CVS
Cells are taken from the placenta
Can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis but has a higher miscarriage chance
Amniocentesis
Cells are taken from the amniotic fluid
Done later in the pregnancy than CVS but has a lower chance of miss carriage

22
Q

What is postnatal screening used for

A

Checks for metabolic disorders
I.E PKU(Phenylketonuria)
Tests for phenylalanine
Enzyme isn’t functioning
So it can’t turn phenylalanine into tyrosine
Excess phenylalanine disrupts organ development
Dealt by placing children on a restricted diet

PKU is a substitution mutation

23
Q

What are the four patterns of inheritance

A

Autosomal recessive
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal incomplete dominance
Sex linked

24
Q

Why happens in autosomal recessive inheritance

A

Rarely expressed
Needs two recessive alleles
Can skip generations

25
Q

What happens in autosomal dominant inheritance

A

Expressed in every generation
Every sufferer has an affected parent
Only needs one dominant allele
Can not skip generation( once it’s not expressed it does out)

26
Q

What happens in autosomal incomplete dominance inheritance

A

Fully expressed form is rare
Partially expressed is more common
Every full suffers has two partially expressed parents

27
Q

What happens in sex linked inheritance

A

Passes from mother to son
XX,XY
More males than females

28
Q

What is the cardiac output

A

Cardiac output=Heart rate x Stroke volume

CO=HRxSV

29
Q

What is responsible for the sound of the heartbeat

A

The opening and closing of atrioventricular valves and semi lunar valves

30
Q

What cells make up the heart

A

Auto rhythmic cells

31
Q

Where does the heartbeat originate

A

In the heart

32
Q

What cause the heart to beat and where is it found

A

Sino-Atrial Node (SAN)/Pacemaker

Inside the wall of the right atrium

33
Q

What is the AVN and where is it located

A

Atrioventricular Node

The base of the atria

34
Q

What does the SAN release

A

Electrical impulses

35
Q

Where does the impulse from the SAN travel through the heart

A

It goes from the SAN in the wall of the right atrium to the AVN at the base of the atria, it is then sent down the conducting fibres between ventricles the up and across the wall of the ventricle causing ventricular systole

36
Q

What is an ECG

And what does it produce

A

A Electrocardiogram

It produces a PQRST wave

37
Q

What regulate the SAN through antagonist action of the autonomic nervous system

A

The medulla

38
Q

Why increased and decreased the heart rate

A

Sympathetic accelerator nerves/ nor-adrenaline/ increase heart rate

Slowing Parasympathetic nerves/ acetylcholine/ decreases heart rate

39
Q

What is used to measure blood pressure

A

A sphygmomanometer

40
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic pressure

A

Blood flow starts again - systolic pressure

Blood flowing freely - diastolic pressure

41
Q

What is a typical blood pressure reading

A

120/80 mmHg

- Systolic pressure/ Diastolic pressure mm of Mercury

42
Q

What is thrombosis

A

It’s the formation of a thrombus(blood clot) in a blood vessel usually caused by an atheroma enlarging and rupturing the endothelium lining

43
Q

What is a loose thrombus called

A

An embolus

44
Q

When does an embolus become an embolism

A

It becomes an embolism once it blocks an artery

45
Q

Why does blood clotting occur

A

To prevent blood loss

46
Q

What does fibrin do

A

Forms the meshwork which cloys the blood
Seals the wound
Provides a scaffold of formation for scar tissue

Higher Human (1 decks)

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