Human Physiology Flashcards by jenna TT

Salivary Glands
What does it release?

Accessory Organ:
Releases mix of water, mucus, enzymes (saliva)

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Saliva-how does it work

Alpha 1-4 amylase hydrolyzes alpha 1-4 starch bonds (triggered by sight, smell, and thought)

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Lingual Lipase function

Hydrolyzes triglycerides which improves digestion in infants

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Liver function

Accessory organ:
Produces bile (lipid digestion)

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Gallbladder function

Accessory:
Stores and releases bile

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Pancreas function

Accessory, mixing movment:
Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and enzymes for carb, protein, & lipid digestion

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Pharynx function

GI tract, propulsive movement:
Moves food from oral cavity to esophagus

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Esophagus function

GI tract, propulsive:
Moves food from pharynx to stomach

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Stomach function

GI tract, mixing:
mix food w acid & enzymes + breakdown of food into chyme

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Small Intestine function

GI tract, propulsive:
enzymatic digestion & nutrient absorption

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Large Intestine function

GI tract, propulsive:
undigested food eliminated as feces

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Motility types

Propulsive: push contents though the digestive tract
Mixing: promote breakdown & facilitate absorption

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Peristalsis

Adjacent segments of tract organs contract & relax to move food along distally

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Segmentation

Nonadjacent segments of tract organs alternately contract & relax to move food forward then back (food mixing)

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What are the four layers from the esophagus to anal canal? (innermost to outermost)

Lumen (center)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa (outermost layer)

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What do cardiac glands make up and what cells are they made of?

Make up cardia
Mainly made of Mucus cells (mucus, bicarbonate) w some enteroendocrine cells

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What do gastric glands make up and what cells are they made of?

Make up fundus
Parietal cells (HCl, intrinsic factor for Ca++ absorption), chief cells (pepsinogen, gastric lipase), mucus cells, & G cells (gastrin)

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Intrinsic Factor function
and what happens when you’re lacking it

glycoprotein that combines w vit B12 to absorb in gut (ileum of the small intestine)
Lacking intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia

What do pyloric glands make up and what cells are they made of?

Make up pylorus
mucus cells, enteroendocrine cells (G and D cells)

G Cells release…

Gastrin: stimulates acid

D Cells release…

Somatostatin: inhibits acid

What methods can be used to look into the stomach?

Endoscope and submarine/pill endoscopy

Gastric Juice and Gastric Secretions

2 liters/day
-Pepsinogen: inactive precursor of pepsin
-HCl: promotes hydrolysis of food, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, denatures proteins, kills bacteria, releases nutrients
-Intrinsic Factor
-Hormone gastrin, etc.: produce by enteroendocrine cells (G cells) in gastric glands

Pepsin is…

More active in acidic conditions (2)

Trypsin is...

More active in basic conditions (8)

Overproduction of HCl Treatments and causes?

Treat it w milk or antacids Causes: -caused by Heliobacter pylori: chronic inflammation, cause thin mucus layer, low mucosal blood flow, favoring infection -Aspirin -ibuprofen -alcohol

HCl Inhibitors

-Histamine (H2) receptor binds to H2 receptor on parietal cells -H+/k+ proton pump inhibitors (proteins) bind to the H+/K+ ATPase pump

Small Intestine Structure

~15-32 feet -duodenum (15%) -jejunum (~35-40%) -ileum (~55-60%) Structure: villi and microvilli which amplify the surface area by 60-120 times

Villi

Make up small intestine Are covered in microvilli and made up of absorptive cells called enterocytes

What triggers the release of pancreatic juice? What do pancreatic duct cells release?

-Acinar cells stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system & hormones secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum -pancreatic duct cells: secrete bicarbonate & mucins

Pancreatic Juice Secretions

-Bicarbonate: neutralize acidic chyme -Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- -Carb & lipid digestive enzymes which hydrolyze proteins (trypsin & chymotrypsin), carbs, and ingested fat

Liver composition

-Bile salts: fat digestion -Bilirubin: red blood cells breakdown waste -Cholesterol -Lecithin -Alkaline fluid

Gallstones are formed when…

-bile salts crystallize: intermittent pain, infection, fever, vomiting -excess cholesterol crystallizes -excess bilirubin forms pigmented stones -impaired gall bladder emptying (fasting, pregnancy) -obesity: reduces ability to empty -rapid weight loss: releases extra cholesterol

Large Intestine bacteria

*Bacteria accumulates because motility (movement) is low* -unabsorbed materials empty through the ileocal sphincter to the cecum

Types of Bacteria in the large intestine

-Bifidobacteria (good): ant inflammatory -Bacteroides: bad

Mucous neck cell secretions

-mucus (protects lining) -bicarbonate

Parietal cell secretions

-gastric acid (HCl: lowers the pH of gastric juice) -intrinsic factor (Ca++ absorption)

Enterochromaffin-like cell secretions

Histamine (stimulates acid)

Chief cells secretions

-pepsin(ogen) -gastric lipase (promotes pancreatic lipase in the lumen)

G cells secretions

Somatostatin (inhibits acid)

D cells secretions

Gastrin (stimulates acid)

Role of bacteria in the large intestine?

➢Prevent pathogenic bacterial growth ➢ Breakdown dietary fiber (short chain fatty acids and gas) ➢ Promote motility ➢ Maintain mucosa ➢ Synthesize vitamin K, biotin and folic acid

Cholinesterase is...

More activity in basic conditions (>=7)

Papain is...

More activity in acidic-basic range of conditions (4-9)