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Metabolism-Exam 1 > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary Glands
What does it release?

A

Accessory Organ:
Releases mix of water, mucus, enzymes (saliva)

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2
Q

Saliva-how does it work

A

Alpha 1-4 amylase hydrolyzes alpha 1-4 starch bonds (triggered by sight, smell, and thought)

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3
Q

Lingual Lipase function

A

Hydrolyzes triglycerides which improves digestion in infants

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4
Q

Liver function

A

Accessory organ:
Produces bile (lipid digestion)

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5
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Accessory:
Stores and releases bile

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6
Q

Pancreas function

A

Accessory, mixing movment:
Releases pancreatic juice that neutralizes chyme and enzymes for carb, protein, & lipid digestion

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7
Q

Pharynx function

A

GI tract, propulsive movement:
Moves food from oral cavity to esophagus

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8
Q

Esophagus function

A

GI tract, propulsive:
Moves food from pharynx to stomach

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9
Q

Stomach function

A

GI tract, mixing:
mix food w acid & enzymes + breakdown of food into chyme

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10
Q

Small Intestine function

A

GI tract, propulsive:
enzymatic digestion & nutrient absorption

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11
Q

Large Intestine function

A

GI tract, propulsive:
undigested food eliminated as feces

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12
Q

Motility types

A

Propulsive: push contents though the digestive tract
Mixing: promote breakdown & facilitate absorption

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Adjacent segments of tract organs contract & relax to move food along distally

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14
Q

Segmentation

A

Nonadjacent segments of tract organs alternately contract & relax to move food forward then back (food mixing)

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15
Q

What are the four layers from the esophagus to anal canal? (innermost to outermost)

A

Lumen (center)
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa (outermost layer)

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16
Q

What do cardiac glands make up and what cells are they made of?

A

Make up cardia
Mainly made of Mucus cells (mucus, bicarbonate) w some enteroendocrine cells

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17
Q

What do gastric glands make up and what cells are they made of?

A

Make up fundus
Parietal cells (HCl, intrinsic factor for Ca++ absorption), chief cells (pepsinogen, gastric lipase), mucus cells, & G cells (gastrin)

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18
Q

Intrinsic Factor function
and what happens when you’re lacking it

A

glycoprotein that combines w vit B12 to absorb in gut (ileum of the small intestine)
Lacking intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia

19
Q

What do pyloric glands make up and what cells are they made of?

A

Make up pylorus
mucus cells, enteroendocrine cells (G and D cells)

20
Q

G Cells release…

A

Gastrin: stimulates acid

21
Q

D Cells release…

A

Somatostatin: inhibits acid

22
Q

What methods can be used to look into the stomach?

A

Endoscope and submarine/pill endoscopy

23
Q

Gastric Juice and Gastric Secretions

A

2 liters/day
-Pepsinogen: inactive precursor of pepsin
-HCl: promotes hydrolysis of food, converts pepsinogen to pepsin, denatures proteins, kills bacteria, releases nutrients
-Intrinsic Factor
-Hormone gastrin, etc.: produce by enteroendocrine cells (G cells) in gastric glands

24
Q

Pepsin is…

A

More active in acidic conditions (2)

25
Q

Trypsin is…

A

More active in basic conditions (8)

26
Q

Overproduction of HCl
Treatments and causes?

A

Treat it w milk or antacids
Causes:
-caused by Heliobacter pylori: chronic inflammation, cause thin mucus layer, low mucosal blood flow, favoring infection
-Aspirin
-ibuprofen
-alcohol

27
Q

HCl Inhibitors

A

-Histamine (H2) receptor binds to H2 receptor on parietal cells
-H+/k+ proton pump inhibitors (proteins) bind to the H+/K+ ATPase pump

28
Q

Small Intestine Structure

A

~15-32 feet
-duodenum (15%)
-jejunum (~35-40%)
-ileum (~55-60%)
Structure: villi and microvilli which amplify the surface area by 60-120 times

29
Q

Villi

A

Make up small intestine
Are covered in microvilli and made up of absorptive cells called enterocytes

30
Q

What triggers the release of pancreatic juice?
What do pancreatic duct cells release?

A

-Acinar cells stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system & hormones secrete pancreatic juice into duodenum
-pancreatic duct cells: secrete bicarbonate & mucins

31
Q

Pancreatic Juice Secretions

A

-Bicarbonate: neutralize acidic chyme
-Electrolytes: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
-Carb & lipid digestive enzymes which hydrolyze proteins (trypsin & chymotrypsin), carbs, and ingested fat

32
Q

Liver composition

A

-Bile salts: fat digestion
-Bilirubin: red blood cells breakdown waste
-Cholesterol
-Lecithin
-Alkaline fluid

33
Q

Gallstones are formed when…

A

-bile salts crystallize: intermittent pain, infection, fever, vomiting
-excess cholesterol crystallizes
-excess bilirubin forms pigmented stones
-impaired gall bladder emptying (fasting, pregnancy)
-obesity: reduces ability to empty
-rapid weight loss: releases extra cholesterol

34
Q

Large Intestine bacteria

A

Bacteria accumulates because motility (movement) is low
-unabsorbed materials empty through the ileocal sphincter to the cecum

35
Q

Types of Bacteria in the large intestine

A

-Bifidobacteria (good): ant inflammatory
-Bacteroides: bad

36
Q

Mucous neck cell secretions

A

-mucus (protects lining)
-bicarbonate

37
Q

Parietal cell secretions

A

-gastric acid (HCl: lowers the pH of gastric juice)
-intrinsic factor (Ca++ absorption)

38
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cell secretions

A

Histamine (stimulates acid)

39
Q

Chief cells secretions

A

-pepsin(ogen)
-gastric lipase (promotes pancreatic lipase in the lumen)

40
Q

G cells secretions

A

Somatostatin (inhibits acid)

41
Q

D cells secretions

A

Gastrin (stimulates acid)

42
Q

Role of bacteria in the large intestine?

A

➢Prevent pathogenic bacterial growth
➢ Breakdown dietary fiber (short chain fatty acids and gas)
➢ Promote motility
➢ Maintain mucosa
➢ Synthesize vitamin K, biotin and folic acid

43
Q

Cholinesterase is…

A

More activity in basic conditions (>=7)

44
Q

Papain is…

A

More activity in acidic-basic range of conditions (4-9)

Metabolism-Exam 1 (4 decks)

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