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Pharmacology > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

cell/plasma membrane

A

separates intracellular contents from extracellular environment

  • guards internal structure and keeps products inside cell
  • allows for transport in & out
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2
Q

protoplasm

A

inner matrix that contains water, electrolytes, proteins, carbs (cytoplasm contains organelles)

  • water = majority of protoplasm
  • proteins = polar & hydrophilic
  • lipids = non-polar & hydrophobic
  • carbs = rapid source of energy
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3
Q

nucleus

A

control center; contains most of the hereditary material

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4
Q

proteins

A

polar & hydrophilic, makes up 10-20% of protoplasm composition

  • enzymes
  • structural proteins
  • ion channels
  • receptors
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5
Q

lipid bilayer

A

basic fluid structure of membranes that serves as semipermeable barrier
* maintains fluid balance
comprised of:
> phospholipids (amphipathic) -hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail
> cholesterol (hydrophobic)

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6
Q

integral proteins

A

require something to open membrane

-allows substance to change shape and enter

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7
Q

glycocalyx

A

participates in cell to cell recognition and adhesion

  • fuzzy membrane (sugar coat)
  • way for cells to identify others
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8
Q

functions of cell membrane

A
  • physical isolation -> barrier
  • regulates exchange w/ environment - maintains homeostasis
    ex) prevents hyperkalemia and arrhythmia
  • monitor environment through extracellular fluid composition and chemical signals
  • structural support- anchors cells/tissues
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9
Q

anchoring protein

A

integral/transmembrane protein that is a stabilizer

  • attaches to inside or outside of structures
    ex) skin intact and does not slough off normally
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10
Q

recognition proteins

A

integral/transmembrane protein that is an identifier

-labels cells as normal or abnormal

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11
Q

enzymes

A

integral/transmembrane protein that catalyzes rxns

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12
Q

receptor proteins

A

integral/transmembrane protein that bind & respond to ligands (lock & key)
ex) ions, hormones

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13
Q

carrier proteins

A

integral/transmembrane protein that transport specific solutes through membrane

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14
Q

channels

A

integral/transmembrane protein that regulate water flow & solutes through membrane
ex) facilitated diffusion in aqua porins

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15
Q

peripheral proteins

A

bound to inner or outer membrane

  • integral protein
  • allows substance to change shape & enter cell
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16
Q

cell junctions

A

form bonds w/ other cells/extracellular material
-attaching cells/communication between cells
» tight
» gap
» desmosomes

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17
Q

tight/occluding junctions

A

fused together between 2 cell membranes = impenetrable barrier

  • prevents passage of water & solutes
  • found only in epithelial tissue
    ex) skin, GI tract

*burn pts experience fluid loss (not infection) which can lead to death
&raquo_space; must monitor IV fluids

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18
Q

selective absorption of digestive tract

A

prevents bacteria from entering GI tract

ex) dissentaria & cholera -> disruption of barrier

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19
Q

gap junctions

A

strong adhesions between neighboring cells w/ cylindrical channels that permit ions and small molecules to pass between cells (ions, simple sugars)

  • allows for rapid communication
    ex) heart/intestines/smooth muscle require coordination of muscles to have same rate of contraction at the same time
20
Q

desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions that hold together
adjacent cells by thick protein filaments;
extend through cell
Ex) Areas of mechanical stress; epidermis belosa

21
Q

Passive transport

A

no energy required

  • diffusion
  • filtration
22
Q

diffusion

A

type of passive transport

  1. Simple
  2. Facilitated/Carrier-mediated transport
  3. Osmosis (aquaporins) - movement of water
23
Q

active transport

A

requires energy
types include:
>primary- requires ATP directly to go against concentration gradient
>secondary- uses energy for transport of 1 substance for cotransport of 2nd substance
>vesicular transport - exocytosis, endocytosis

24
Q

carrier mediated transport of big/lipid soluble ions & organic substrates

A

use energy (2/2 active transport) or via facilitated diffusion

25
Q

specificity

A

characteristic of carrier mediated transport

-Carrier proteins combine specifically and reversibly

26
Q

saturation limit

A

characteristic of carrier mediated transport in which rate depends on transport proteins, not substrate
ex) insulin brings glucose into cell

27
Q

diffusion

A

movement of charged or uncharged particles
along a concentration gradient from an area of
higher concentration to one of lower concentration
-passive process
-no energy requires

28
Q

osmosis

A 
diffusion of water
across the cell membrane 
-regulated by concentration of non-
diffusible particles on either side of
semipermeable membrane 
-net movement of water across a
concentration gradient (from low
concentration to high
concentration)
29
Q

hypotonic IVF

A

NS is not concentrated since it is 1/2 Na-

-water flows into cell

30
Q

hypertonic IVF

A

water will flow out of cells

31
Q

normal saline (NS)

A

Na+ and Cl- = about the same concentration in body

32
Q

aquaporins

A 
water channels that allows water to move
-Movement continues until
concentration of
substances is equally
diluted or until opposed by
osmotic pressure
33
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone stored in posterior pituitary gland

  • secreted by hypothalamus
  • goes to kidney -> distal tubular duct
  • prompt aquaporins to open
  • absorption of water -> reabsorption
34
Q

SIADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate ADH

  • too much of ADH -> drop in Na-
  • Sodium Is Always Down Here*
35
Q

Na- K+ pump

A

pumps out Na+ (3)
pumps K+ in (2)
! Maintains Na-K concentration
across membrane membrane
! Maintains normal cell volume
> electrogenic ( negative charge inside cell membrane)
> responsible for transmission of nerve and muscle signals along cell membrane
-reestablishes proper concentration of electrolytes

36
Q

Endocytosis

A 
Vesicular/Bulk Transport that requires ATP
>cells surround and take in material
! Receptor-mediated
- pinocytosis 
- phagocytosis
37
Q

exocytosis

A

Vesicular/Bulk Transport that requires ATP

-Granules or droplets are released from the cell

38
Q

pinocytosis

A

type of endocytosis involved in nutrient absorption
! Endosomes “drink” extracellular
fluid (Cell drinking) ! In-folding cell membrane
surrounds droplet of ECF with
dissolved molecules ! Important in nutrient absorption
(cells in intestine)

39
Q

phagocytosis

A 
type of endocytosis 
-Engulf large or solid objects in
phagosomes (Cell eating)
-Fuses with lysosome and contents
digested 
Ex: macrophages, some WBC’s
40
Q

exocytosis

A 
Moves substances
from interior of cell into extracellular space
! Substance to be released is
enclosed in a vesicle 
! Vesicle fuses to membrane and
ruptures, spilling contents out
of cell
ex) Hormone secretion, NT release,
mucus of secretion, ejection of
wastes
41
Q

filtration

A 
Process by which fluid
is forced through membrane from area of higher hydrostatic pressure to area of lower hydrostatic pressure
-does not require energy
ex) Filtration of
plasma across renal - dependent on BP
42
Q

intracellular compartment (ICF)

A

-Consists of fluid contained within all of the trillions of
cells in the body
-Larger of the two compartments
! approximately two-thirds of the body water in healthy
adults
! High concentration of K+
40% of body weight

43
Q

extracellular compartment (ECF)

A

remaining 1/3 of body of water
-fluids outside the cells, including that
in the interstitial (¾) or tissue spaces and blood vessels (¼)
-high concentration of Na-

44
Q

transcellular fluids

A

1% or less of the fluid in body

ex) CSF in brain
- vitreous humor in eye
- synovial fluid lubricates joints
- pericardial fluid in heart
- pleural fluid in lungs

45
Q

composition of ECF

A
  • large amounts of Na- and Cl-
  • moderate amounts of bicarbonate
    ex) pH in body - ABG
  • small quntities of K+, Mg, Ca+, Phos
46
Q

composition of ICF

A

-Almost no calcium
-Small amounts of sodium, chloride,
bicarbonate, and phosphorus
- Moderate amounts of magnesium
-Large amounts of potassium

47
Q

voltage gated channels

A 
-Respond to changes in
membrane potential 
-Have activation gates
(opens) and inactivation
gates (closes) 
-Characteristic of excitable
membrane 
-Found in neural axons,
skeletal muscle
sarcolemma, cardiac muscle

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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