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Human Phys > Human Phys Exam 3 > Flashcards

Human Phys Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the central nervous system composed of?

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

what are the pathways within the peripheral nervous system

A

afferent and efferent pathways

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3
Q

difference betweeen afferent and efferent pathways?

A

afferent: go toward CNS
efferent: send info from CNS

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4
Q

what are the two systems within the efferent pathways?

A

autonomic and somatic nervous system

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5
Q

difference between autonomic and somatic nervous systems?

A

autonomic: symathetic (excitatory) division, paraympathetic (inhibiotry) division
somatic: stimulates skeletal muscle contraction

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6
Q

what are afferent neurons

A

originiate in the periphery of the body via a sesory or visceral receptor and travel toward CNS

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7
Q

what are efferent neurons

A

originate in CNS and travel to periphery to produce an effect in the body (efferent neurons towards effector organ)

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8
Q

what are interneurons

A

found in CNS, allow communication btw afferent and efferent neurons

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9
Q

what are excitable cells

A

cell that can produce electrical signals

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10
Q

what are action potentials

A

electrical signals produced by excictable cells

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11
Q

what are neurons

A

excitable cells in the nervous system

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12
Q

what are glial cells

A

structural cells found in the nervous system, pack and keep cells together (90% of cells)

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13
Q

what is the basic structure of a neruon?

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminal

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14
Q

what is myelination? effect?

A
  • due to Schwann cells wrapping around axon, creates myelin sheath that acts as insulation
  • myelination increases conduction velocity of nerve impulse
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15
Q

what is the membrane potential?

A

electrical potential difference are created in excitable cells by separating oppositely charged ions

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16
Q

what is the resting membrane potiental

A

-70mv

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17
Q

how does depolarization occur?

A

when an excitable cells membrane permeability is altered, the membrane potiental changes
-spread of depolarization is called an action potential

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18
Q

what is the resting membrane potential crated from?

A

K+ leaking out of the cell faster than Na+ leak into the cell (3 Na pumped out, 2K pumped in)

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19
Q

depolarization refers to?

A

a change in the membrane potiental from its resting negative value to a more positive value

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20
Q

where are gated ion channels found?

A

dendrites, cell body, axon hilock region of a neuron

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21
Q

what activates gated ion channels?

A

volatage changes, ligand/recetpor interactions, mechanical stimulation

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22
Q

what are voltage gated cahnnels?

A

open with change in voltage in axon hilock, getting shocked, action potentials

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23
Q

what are ligand gated channels?

A

open due to binding of ligand to membrane recetpor in dendrites, neurotransmitter from another neuron binds to a receptor

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24
Q

what are mechanically gated channels?

A

open due to mechanical stimuli on dendrite or cell body

-pressure, force

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25
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

if the membrane potiental becomes more negatiave

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26
Q

what is repolarization?

A

a return to the rsting membrane potiental

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27
Q

what are graded potientals?

A

small changes in the membrane potential due to ion channels opening or closing following stimulation by another source

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28
Q

when do graded potientails create action potentials?

A

if they change membrane potential above threshold

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29
Q

if depolarization occurs these are called ______, if hyperpolarzation occurs ______

A

excitatory graded potentials, inhibitory graded potentials

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30
Q

the graded potential sends a stiumulus to the axon hillock but it has to be strong enough so the axon hillock can reach a threshold at ___

A

-55mv

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31
Q

what are the phases of an action potential?

A

depolarization, repolarization, after hyperpolarization

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32
Q

what is the all or none principle

A

if membrane potential goes above threshold an action potential is produced that is always the same magnitude

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33
Q

can a stimulues generate a second action potnetial during the absolute refractory period

A

no

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34
Q

what is the refractory period

A

when the membrane is less excitable than at rest

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35
Q

explain action potentials in unmyelinated axons

A
  • action potential propagates down an axon
  • pos charges move from the area that has been depolarized to the adhacent area on the membrane
  • current flows to adhacent areas based on electronic conduction
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36
Q

do larger or smaller diameter axons have faster conduction velocities?

A

larger diameter axons

-have less resistance to current flow down axon

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37
Q

how do ions propagate down the axon?

A

the sites enter a refractory state after it is depolarized

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38
Q

explain action potentials in myelinated axons

A
  • saltatory conduction is used to propagate action potentials
  • action potentials cannot be produced ina reas where myelin is present so the current flows from node to node very quickly
  • fastest conduction velocities are found in large diameter myelinated axons
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39
Q

what happens at the synaptic transmission?

A

the action potential reaches the axon terminal which stimulates vesicular movement to terminal membrane by opening Ca channels
-neurotransmitter diffuses to postsynaptic memebrane and binds to receptors

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40
Q

what are excitatory synapses?

A

bring postsynaptic neurons closer to thershold for AP to occur
-depolarization is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential

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41
Q

what is the difference between a fast and slow excitatory respose?

A

fast excitatory response is when a neurotransmitter opens ion channels allowing for a rapid depolarization
-slow is when a neurotransmitter activates a Gprotein/2nd messenger cascade that is slower to create a depolarizaiton

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42
Q

what do inhibitory synapses cause?

A

causes postsynaptic neuron membrane potentials to be hyperpolarized or stabilized
-IPSP

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43
Q

what is convergence summation?

A

when a number of presynaptic neurons synapse on one postsynaptic neuron

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44
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

when 2+ postsynaptic potentials are produced in rapid succession at the same synapse and are additive to create a greater depolarization

45
Q

what is spacial summation

A

2+ postsynaptic potentials from different synapses overlap are are additive

46
Q

what are modulatory synapses

A

regulate communication across another synapse

47
Q

what are axoxaxonic synapses

A

form btw axon terminals of 2 diff neurons, modulatory synapses
-neurotransmittor induces a change in the amount of Ca that enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential

48
Q

what is presynaptic facilitation?

A

increaes releases of neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic neuron

49
Q

what is presynaptic inhibition?

A

decreases release of neurotransmitter form postsynaptic neuron

50
Q

what are the different classes of neurotransmitters?

A

choline derivative, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, others

51
Q

what is the choline derivative neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

  • released from neruons in CNS,PNS
  • produced from acetyl coA and choline
  • binds to cholinergic recpetors
52
Q

what enzyme coverges acetly coa and choline?

A

choline acetyl transferase

53
Q

what are the 2 types of cholinergic receptors

A

nicotinic and msucarinic

54
Q

what are nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Ach binding to nicotinic receptors causes opening of Na and K channels causing EPSP

  • found in PNS
  • muscle cells, autonomic neurons
55
Q

what are muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A
  • metabotropic
  • works via 2nd messenger system in postsynaptic cell
  • main receptor in CNS and found on effector organs in body to cause an inhibiting effect
56
Q

what are the neurotransmitter that are biogenic amines?

A

catecholamines, serotonin, histamine

-all have an amine group and dervied from amino acids

57
Q

what are catecholamines?

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

58
Q

what are the receptors for EPI, NE and dopamine?

A

epi and ne: adrenergic

dopamine: dopaminergic

59
Q

what are the 2 main classes of adrenergic receptors

A

alpha and beta

  • epi: high affinity beta2
  • ne: alpha and beta1
60
Q

what 2 enzymes degrade catecholamines?

A

monoamine oxidase and catechol O methyltransferase

-occurs at synapses

61
Q

what degradation of catecholamines can be inhibited?

A

monoamine oxidase can be inhibited, reuptake molecule cannot

62
Q

where in the CNS is serotonin found?

A

brainstem

-regulating sleep and emotions

63
Q

where in the CNS is is histamine found

A

hypothalmus

64
Q

what does the monoamise oxidase enzyme do?

A

breaksdown neurotransmitter after it has been released so it doesnt stay in the stimulus too long and over stimulate the postsynaptic neuron

65
Q

what is the effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor?

A

use the drug to inhibit the monoamise oxidase enzyme to create a greater effect

66
Q

whats an example of a reuptake moleucle inhibitor?

A

SSRI, more serotonin in the synapse so theres a greater response, helps with production of serotonin

67
Q

what are the amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine

68
Q

which amino acids are excitatory? inhibitory?

A

excitatory: glutamate, asparate (more likely to have an action potential in postsynaptic neuron
inhibitory: GABA, glycine

69
Q

what is an example of when an excitatory aa being used

A

when you get hot glutamate and aspartate would be realsed to stimulate the hypothalms to tell the sweat glands to sweat

70
Q

what are neuropeptides?

A

short chains or AAs that are found in neurons and likely function as neurotransmitters and hormones

71
Q

what are other chemical substances that function as neurotransmitters?

A

nitric oxide and ATP

72
Q

what fluid makes up the central nervous system?

A

cerebrospinal fluid, similar composition to plasma (IF)

73
Q

what percent of blood pumped by the heart is recieved to the CNS?

A

15%, due to high metabolism

74
Q

what percent of O2 and glucose does the brain consumed?

A

o2: 20
glucose: 50

75
Q

what is not produced in the CNS?

A

glycogen not stored, fatty acids, cant produce energy anaerobically

76
Q

what is the bloodbrain barrier?

A
  • protects CNS from harmful substances
  • o2, glucose and other materials exchange through the capillaries
  • formed by tight junctions btw endothelial cells of cerebral capillaires
77
Q

why is gluclose and proteins less in CSF compared to plasma?

A

CSF uses gluclose immediately and lower proteins bc they are restricted from entering the blood within the brain

78
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brain

A

forebrain, cerebellum, brain stem

79
Q

what is the forebrain consist of?

A

right/left hemispheres

-cerebrum and cerebral cortex

80
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

contains the cerebral cortex (surface) and subcortical nuclei (deeper)

81
Q

what happens in the cerebral cortex?

A

carries out highest level of neural processing: perceptions, ideas, memory, motor control
-integrating center that recieves and processes sensory info to formulate thoughts and actions

82
Q

what does the diencephalon contain?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

83
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

filters and refines sensory info before it reaches the cerebral cortex, involved in motor movement control

84
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

releases tropic hormones to anterior pituitary and controls posterior pituitary hormone release

  • produces hunger and thirst and inolved in emotions
  • regulates body temp
85
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A
  • inferior to the forebrain and posterior to brainstem

- motor coordination balance and procide feedback to produce smooth motor movements

86
Q

what does the brainstem do and include?

A
  • connects cerebrum and cerebellum to spinal cord

- 3 regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

87
Q

what autonomic functions does the brainstem regulate

A

cardiovascular and respiratory control

88
Q

what does the brainstem control?

A
  • sleep wake cycles, consciousness, arousal of the cerebral cortex via retiuclar formation
  • process cranial nerve info
89
Q

what are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • central sulcus
  • primary somatosensory and cortex
  • sensory association areas
  • visual association areas
  • primary visual cortex
  • wernickes area
  • auditory association areas
  • primary aduitory cortex
  • limbic association cortex
  • olfactory cortex
  • brocas area
  • prefrontal association areas
90
Q

what does the limbic system do? different areas?

A
  • collection of areats that function in learning and emotions, controls basic drives
  • areas: amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamus, thalamus
91
Q

what processes make up voluntary motor control?

A
  1. idea or intention to move
  2. development of a program of motor commands
  3. execution of the program of motor commands
  4. continual feedback to assess and refine the movement
92
Q

how does the cerebellum help voluntary movements?

A

functions to correct movements as they occurs, maintain muscle tone, and store info to allow for enhanced coordination of a movement with practice

93
Q

how are emotions produced?

A

sensory input and memories

94
Q

stimuli from both the internal and external environments are detected by

A

sensory receptots

95
Q

what are external stimuli detected by?

A

somatosensory system (skin), proprioceptors(limb position/motion), special sensory ( vision, smell, taste, hearing, balance, equlibrium) system

96
Q

what are internal stimuli detected by?

A

visceral receptors that transmit signals to the CNS via visceral afferents

97
Q

what do receptors in the somatosensory system respond to?

A

pressure, pain, temp, body position

98
Q

what do mechanoreceptors respond to?

A

pressure, force, vibration

99
Q

what do thermoreceptors respond to?

A

temperature

100
Q

waht do nociceptors respond to?

A

injurious stimuli (pain)

101
Q

what are modalitiy for mochanoreceptors?

A

light touch, pressure, vibration, bending of hair, pressure

102
Q

what are modalities for thermorecptors?

A

increase in skin temp, decrease in skin temp

103
Q

what are modalities for nociceptors?

A

intesne mechanical stimulus, intense hot or cold stimulus, intense mechanical or thermal stimulus, specific chems

104
Q

what is the difference between fast and slow pain?

A

fast pain: sharp, pricking, well localized

slow: dull, aching, poorly localized, general

105
Q

what is visceral pain

A

detected by nociceptors that are stimulated by tissue damage in internal strucutures
-heart, lungs, live, GI

106
Q

what is referred pain

A

result of visceral pain

-occurs due to second order neurons reciving signals from somatic afferents along the visceral afferent

107
Q

what is the gate control theory of pain

A

inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord stimulated by skin mechanorecptors can inhibit the 2nd orderneurons in the spinal cord that transmit pain info (rubbing skin)

108
Q

what is the endogenous analgesia system

A

neurotransmitter enkephalin is released from inhibitoy interneurons to inhibit synaptic transmission from the nociceptive afferent to the 2nd order neuron

Human Phys (1 decks)

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