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ATPL Theory > Human Performance > Flashcards

Human Performance Flashcards

1
Q

Which three things make up pilot competence ?

A

Knowledge
Skills
Attitude

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2
Q

What are ICAO’s 8 core competencies ?

A

Application of procedures
Communication
Flight path management with automation
Manual flight path management
Leadership and teamwork
Problem solving and decision making
Situational awareness
Workload management

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3
Q

Where does sensory habituation and adaption take place ?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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4
Q

What is the sensory threshold ?

A

The level above which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response in the organism.

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5
Q

Sensory …….. lasts longer than sensory …… Because it is not dependant on short term physiological changes.

A

Habitation, Adaptation

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6
Q

Which sensory condition causes progressively smaller signals in the brain ?

A

Sensory habituation

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7
Q

High blood pressure is know as ?

A

Hypertension, it leads to weakening the heart muscle and thickening and narrowing of blood vessels.

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8
Q

Low blood pressure is known as ?

A

Hypotension, it can cause dizziness and shortness of breath and fainting.

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9
Q

Which blood pressure conditions can lead to a pilot losing his medical license to fly ?

A

Hypotension and Hypertension

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10
Q

Possible causes of anaemia ?

A

Iron deficiency
Serious blood loss
Abnormal haemoglobin causing distorted blood cells.

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11
Q

Main circulatory components

A

Heart
Veins
Arteries

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12
Q

Pulse rate and cardiac output for a normal adult per minute ?

A

70 bpm
5.2 litres

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13
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Heart rate x Stroke volume

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14
Q

Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure ?

A

Systolic is pressure measured when the hearts contracts.
Diastolic is measured when the heart muscle is relaxed, BP is lowest at diastole.

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15
Q

Blood pressure for a young healthy normal adult ?

A

120 systolic pressure mmHg
80 diastolic pressure mmHg

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16
Q

Main blood constituents

A

Plasma, Red blood cell, White blood cell, platelets

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17
Q

Plasma role

A

To provide the transporting fluid medium

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18
Q

Red blood cell role

A

To carry oxygen around the body

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19
Q

White blood cell role

A

To fight of infections

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20
Q

Platelets role

A

to repair damage

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21
Q

Haemoglobin role

A

To greatly increase the oxygen carrying capability of the red blood cells.

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22
Q

What is anaemia and its causes ?

A

Lack of red blood cells.
Excessive blood loss
Iron deficiency

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23
Q

Causes of Hypertension ?

A

Obesity
Lack of exercise
Age
Alcohol
Smoking
Stress
High salt intake
Certain medical conditions

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24
Q

Hypertension is a major risk factor for ..?

A

Strokes

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25
Q

What is angina ?

A

Angina is progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries.
Can cause shortness of breath and chest pain when exercising.

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26
Q

How is a heart attack caused ?

A

A complete blockage of a coronary artery. it causes intense chest pain, crushing sensation on the chest, high pulse pale pallor and sweating and can lead to cardiac arrest.

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27
Q

Major risk factors for coronary heart disease ?

A

High cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Hypertension

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28
Q

Why does exercise reduce chances of coronary heart disease ?

A

It strengthens the heart muscle, improves circulation, reduces blood pressure and increases number of red blood cells.

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29
Q

What can increase pulse rate ?

A

Age
Lack of fitness
illness
pain
emotional arousal

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30
Q

Respiration is ?

A

The exchange of gases between the body and the environment.

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31
Q

Main respiratory components ?

A

the trachea, the lungs and the pulmonary artery. The heart and blood are also essential for transporting oxygen K around the body and carrying CO back to the lungs.

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32
Q

Tidal volume for normal lungs ?

A

500ml = 500cm3

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33
Q

Hypoxia is ?

A

Insufficient oxygen to support brain and tissue, enough to imbalance the body’s homeostasis and impair its normal functioning.

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34
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by ?

A

Low saturation levels in the blood, caused by low atmospheric oxygen levels, associated with high altitude.

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35
Q

Anaemic hypoxia is caused by ?

A

Caused by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Due to carbon monoxide poisoning or low haemoglobin levels.

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36
Q

Normal adult breathing rate

A

12-20 bpm, averaging 16 bpm

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37
Q

Higher CO2 within the body means ?

A

Higher blood acidity= Lower PH= need for more oxygen.
=Increased rate of respiration = O2 increase + CO2 decrease.

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38
Q

The lungs purpose ?

A

To absorb oxygen from inspired air and expel CO2 in expired air/

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39
Q

Effect of atmosphere composition with altitude ?

A

Percentages are constant with any given altitude.
Particles just become more sparse with density and pressure.

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40
Q

Hypoxia severity factors ?

A

Altitude
Temperature
Time of exposure
Physical activity

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41
Q

Hypoxia symptoms

A

Tingling in hands and feet.
Cyanosis
Increased breathing rate
Headache, nausea, dizziness, sweating
Mood change (Euphoria)

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42
Q

Hypoxia threshold for:
Reaction
Disturbance
Critical

A

7000ft, night vision effected (5000ft)
10-12000ft, body compensates
22000ft, Incapacitation

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43
Q

Prevention of hypoxia ?

A

Execute checklist for pressurisation system settings.
Ensure a suitable supply of oxygen.

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44
Q

What is hyperventilation ?

A

Lung ventilation in excess of the body’s needs

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45
Q

Symptoms of hyperventilation ?

A

Paleness
Muscle spasm
Anxiety
Dizziness
Nausea
Numbness

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46
Q

What controls how much lights enters the eye ?

A

Iris
(Expands for darkness)

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47
Q

Cones are best for ?

A

Central vision.
Colour Vision
(Located densely in the peripheral retina)

48
Q

Rods are best for ? (+location)

A

Peripheral vision
Night vision
Black and white
(Retina, Located 10º from the fovea)

49
Q

Dark to light adaptation time ?

A

10 Seconds

50
Q

Light to dark adaption time ?

A

Cones 7-9 minutes
Rods 30 minutes

51
Q

What level is night vision affected at ?

A

5000ft - Hypoxia threshold

52
Q

What do sunglasses prevent ?

A

Damage to retina from high power UV rays and blue light.

53
Q

Presbyopia is ?

A

Long-sightedness caused by age

54
Q

Cataracts is ?

A

Clouding of the lens due to age or UV exposure

55
Q

Glaucoma is ?

A

pressure build up of liquid in the eye.
Only detected by eye pressure test

56
Q

Flash blindness counter ?

A

Turn cockpit lighting to max
wear sunglasses
use blinds or sunglasses

57
Q

Corrective lens for hyperopia (long sightedness) is ?

A

Convex lens

58
Q

Corrective lens for myopia (short sightedness) is ?

A

Concave lens

59
Q

Hypoxia prevention ?

A

Execute checklists for pressurisation settings

60
Q

Hypoxia is ?

A

Deficiency in oxygen supply to the brain and tissues,
enough to imbalance the body’s homeostasis and
impair its normal functioning

61
Q

Role of Eustachian tube ?

A

To equalise pressure on both sides of the ear drum, which is initially affected by altitude.

62
Q

What does flying with a cold do ?

A

Increase the risk of damaging the sinuses and inner ear.

63
Q

NIHL is caused by ?

A

Over exposure to 90 Db noise

64
Q

Conductive hearing loss is caused by ?

A

Wax blocking the eardrum
Inner ear damage
Burst ear drum
fluid behind the eardrum

65
Q

3 Ear chambers and contents

A

Outer, Middle, Inner
Air, Air, Liquid

66
Q

hearing loss due to age is known as ?

A

presbycusis

67
Q

Three parts of vestibular system ?

A

Cochlea (Hearing)
otoliths (Balance)
The semicircular canals (Balance)

68
Q

Linear acceleration is felt by the ?

A

otoliths

69
Q

Rotational acceleration Is felt by ?

A

The semicircular canals

70
Q

Air sickness causes

A

Mismatch between vestibular and visual systems
Excessive vibration

71
Q

Anaemic hypoxia is caused by ?

A

CO poisoning
Blood loss
Anaemia (low HB)

72
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by ?

A

High altitude
Lack of oxygen saturation

73
Q

What causes decompression sickness ?

A

Is nitrogen gas dissolved in blood coming out of solution in low pressure, which causes gas bubbles that block blood pressure

74
Q

4 common de-compression sickness effects ?

A

Creeps
Bends
Chokes
Staggers

75
Q

Post decompression actions ?

A

Oxgen mask
Emergency descend to lower alt
Land asap
No flying for 24 hours

76
Q

Diving and flying restrictions ?

A

No flying within 12 hours of swimming using compressed air, 24 hours if depth exceeds 30ft
Sickness can occur at above 6000ft alt

77
Q

Linear acceleration ?

A

Change in speed without direction change (thrust increase)

78
Q

Angular acceleration ?

A

Occurs when both speed and direction change, as in a tight spin

79
Q

Radial acceleration ?

A

Change in direction without the change in thrust

80
Q

First carbon monoxide countermeasures, and proceeding ?

A

Stop all smoking !!
Turn off cabin heat
Ventilate the cabin
Land asap

81
Q

Barotrauma is caused by ?

A

Rapid or extreme changes in air pressure

82
Q

4 main barotrauma types ?

A

Octic- Most common and likely to happen during descent.
Sinus- Either climb or descend- watery eyes, fainting

Gastrointestinal- due to pressure decrease gas inside the stomach will expand dramatically.

Aerodontalgia- Gas expansion presses the dental nerve which causes pain

83
Q

Barotrauma preventions ?

A

Don’t fly with cold or flu
Don’t fly with ear, nose or throat infection
Avoid gas generating foods

84
Q

Ideal humidity conditions ?

A

22-27ºC
40-60% Humidity

85
Q

A significant humidity decrease can cause ?

A

Dehydration, affection crew performance
Can be brought on by ineffective/ excessive air con use

86
Q

When is incapacitation most dangerous ?
- Reaction ?

A

When its onset is insidious
Ensure incapacitated crew member is not interfering with the controls

87
Q

Where is most ozone found ?

A

Stratosphere (90%)

88
Q

What are the two types of cosmic radiation ?

A

Solar or galactic

89
Q

BMI scale

A

-20 = Underweight
20-25= Normal
25-30= Overweight
30+= Obese

90
Q

The most dangerous type of incapacitation is ?

A

Gastroenteritis- Insidious onset

91
Q

Food contaminants in tropical countries ?

A

Raw veg
Ice-cream
Peeled fruit
Local mayo
Sea food

92
Q

Water contaminants in tropical countries ?

A

Personal hygiene
Ice for drinks
Swimming pools
Rivers and dams

93
Q

How to prevent hypoglycaemia (low glucose- blood sugar- levels)

A

Eat healthy meals at regular times ?

94
Q

What is the biggest tropical killer disease ?

A

Malaria

95
Q

Other potential tropical diseases include ?

A

Cholera
Hepatitis
Typhoid
Intestinal parasites
Rabies
Tetanus
STD’s

96
Q

What is the yellow book ?

A

Documentation of all received vaccinations and when

97
Q

Metabolisation rate of alcohol ?

A

+/- 1 unit per hour
(1 unit is 0.2 grams, so if 0.9 grams is 4.5 units, metabolisation will take 4.5 hours)

98
Q

How much is considered a too high caffeine dosage ?

A

300mg per day
(Infusions (herbal/plant based) do not contain caffeine)

99
Q

Rules on self medication ?

A

No use of perception or non-prescription drugs is authorised without clearance from aero medical authorities, AMeC or AME

100
Q
A
101
Q

What does black hole effect cause ?

A

Dangerously low approach

102
Q

Best illusions countermeasure ?

A

Use your instruments to help with your mental model

103
Q

Best approach height counter measures ?

A

PAPI’s (4 dots, more red means too low, more white means too high)

104
Q

Somatogravic illusions are ?

A

False sense of pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating. (Due to head tilt)

105
Q

Narrow/long runways causes ?

A

A feeling of being too high.
Causes you to push down and land hard and short

106
Q

Wide/shirt runway causes

A

Feeling of being too low
Causes you to pull, meaning you land long or overrun

107
Q

Bright light runway causes

A

Illusion of being too close (steep)
Causes you to push and land short and hard

108
Q

Low intensity lighting causes

A

Perception of Being too far away (shallow)
Causes you to push and long long or overrun

109
Q

Light rain, fog, haze, mist, dust, smoke causes

A

Perception of Being too close
Causing push over and landing shirt and hard

110
Q

Heavy rain causes

A

Perception of Being too close
Causes push over and landing short and hard

111
Q

Flying in haze causes

A

Perception of being further away
Pulling up and landing long or overrunning

112
Q

The leans are ?

A

False sense of increasing or decreasing aircraft bank or altitude.

113
Q

Coriolis ?

A

False sensation of tumbling

114
Q

Somatogyral illusion ?

A

False sense or angular acceleration or false sense of no angular acceleration when it is present

115
Q

Spatial disorientation counters ?

A

Using your instruments
Establish as many visual cues as possible
Return to VMC asap

ATPL Theory (7 decks)

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