Human Performance Flashcards
1
Q
Which three things make up pilot competence ?
A
Knowledge
Skills
Attitude
2
Q
What are ICAO’s 8 core competencies ?
A
Application of procedures
Communication
Flight path management with automation
Manual flight path management
Leadership and teamwork
Problem solving and decision making
Situational awareness
Workload management
3
Q
Where does sensory habituation and adaption take place ?
A
Central Nervous System (CNS)
4
Q
What is the sensory threshold ?
A
The level above which the intensity of a stimulus is sufficient to generate a response in the organism.
5
Q
Sensory …….. lasts longer than sensory …… Because it is not dependant on short term physiological changes.
A
Habitation, Adaptation
6
Q
Which sensory condition causes progressively smaller signals in the brain ?
A
Sensory habituation
7
Q
High blood pressure is know as ?
A
Hypertension, it leads to weakening the heart muscle and thickening and narrowing of blood vessels.
8
Q
Low blood pressure is known as ?
A
Hypotension, it can cause dizziness and shortness of breath and fainting.
9
Q
Which blood pressure conditions can lead to a pilot losing his medical license to fly ?
A
Hypotension and Hypertension
10
Q
Possible causes of anaemia ?
A
Iron deficiency
Serious blood loss
Abnormal haemoglobin causing distorted blood cells.
11
Q
Main circulatory components
A
Heart
Veins
Arteries
12
Q
Pulse rate and cardiac output for a normal adult per minute ?
A
70 bpm
5.2 litres
13
Q
Define cardiac output
A
Heart rate x Stroke volume
14
Q
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure ?
A
Systolic is pressure measured when the hearts contracts.
Diastolic is measured when the heart muscle is relaxed, BP is lowest at diastole.
15
Q
Blood pressure for a young healthy normal adult ?
A
120 systolic pressure mmHg
80 diastolic pressure mmHg
16
Q
Main blood constituents
A
Plasma, Red blood cell, White blood cell, platelets
17
Q
Plasma role
A
To provide the transporting fluid medium
18
Q
Red blood cell role
A
To carry oxygen around the body
19
Q
White blood cell role
A
To fight of infections
20
Q
Platelets role
A
to repair damage
21
Q
Haemoglobin role
A
To greatly increase the oxygen carrying capability of the red blood cells.
22
Q
What is anaemia and its causes ?
A
Lack of red blood cells.
Excessive blood loss
Iron deficiency
23
Q
Causes of Hypertension ?
A
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Age
Alcohol
Smoking
Stress
High salt intake
Certain medical conditions
24
Q
Hypertension is a major risk factor for ..?
A
Strokes
25
What is angina ?
Angina is progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries.
Can cause shortness of breath and chest pain when exercising.
26
How is a heart attack caused ?
A complete blockage of a coronary artery. it causes intense chest pain, crushing sensation on the chest, high pulse pale pallor and sweating and can lead to cardiac arrest.
27
Major risk factors for coronary heart disease ?
High cholesterol
Smoking
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Hypertension
28
Why does exercise reduce chances of coronary heart disease ?
It strengthens the heart muscle, improves circulation, reduces blood pressure and increases number of red blood cells.
29
What can increase pulse rate ?
Age
Lack of fitness
illness
pain
emotional arousal
30
Respiration is ?
The exchange of gases between the body and the environment.
31
Main respiratory components ?
the trachea, the lungs and the pulmonary artery. The heart and blood are also essential for transporting oxygen K around the body and carrying CO back to the lungs.
32
Tidal volume for normal lungs ?
500ml = 500cm3
33
Hypoxia is ?
Insufficient oxygen to support brain and tissue, enough to imbalance the body's homeostasis and impair its normal functioning.
34
Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by ?
Low saturation levels in the blood, caused by low atmospheric oxygen levels, associated with high altitude.
35
Anaemic hypoxia is caused by ?
Caused by a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen. Due to carbon monoxide poisoning or low haemoglobin levels.
36
Normal adult breathing rate
12-20 bpm, averaging 16 bpm
37
Higher CO2 within the body means ?
Higher blood acidity= Lower PH= need for more oxygen.
=Increased rate of respiration = O2 increase + CO2 decrease.
38
The lungs purpose ?
To absorb oxygen from inspired air and expel CO2 in expired air/
39
Effect of atmosphere composition with altitude ?
Percentages are constant with any given altitude.
Particles just become more sparse with density and pressure.
40
Hypoxia severity factors ?
Altitude
Temperature
Time of exposure
Physical activity
41
Hypoxia symptoms
Tingling in hands and feet.
Cyanosis
Increased breathing rate
Headache, nausea, dizziness, sweating
Mood change (Euphoria)
42
Hypoxia threshold for:
Reaction
Disturbance
Critical
7000ft, night vision effected (5000ft)
10-12000ft, body compensates
22000ft, Incapacitation
43
Prevention of hypoxia ?
Execute checklist for pressurisation system settings.
Ensure a suitable supply of oxygen.
44
What is hyperventilation ?
Lung ventilation in excess of the body's needs
45
Symptoms of hyperventilation ?
Paleness
Muscle spasm
Anxiety
Dizziness
Nausea
Numbness
46
What controls how much lights enters the eye ?
Iris
(Expands for darkness)
47
Cones are best for ?
Central vision.
Colour Vision
(Located densely in the peripheral retina)
48
Rods are best for ? (+location)
Peripheral vision
Night vision
Black and white
(Retina, Located 10º from the fovea)
49
Dark to light adaptation time ?
10 Seconds
50
Light to dark adaption time ?
Cones 7-9 minutes
Rods 30 minutes
51
What level is night vision affected at ?
5000ft - Hypoxia threshold
52
What do sunglasses prevent ?
Damage to retina from high power UV rays and blue light.
53
Presbyopia is ?
Long-sightedness caused by age
54
Cataracts is ?
Clouding of the lens due to age or UV exposure
55
Glaucoma is ?
pressure build up of liquid in the eye.
Only detected by eye pressure test
56
Flash blindness counter ?
Turn cockpit lighting to max
wear sunglasses
use blinds or sunglasses
57
Corrective lens for hyperopia (long sightedness) is ?
Convex lens
58
Corrective lens for myopia (short sightedness) is ?
Concave lens
59
Hypoxia prevention ?
Execute checklists for pressurisation settings
60
Hypoxia is ?
Deficiency in oxygen supply to the brain and tissues,
enough to imbalance the body’s homeostasis and
impair its normal functioning
61
Role of Eustachian tube ?
To equalise pressure on both sides of the ear drum, which is initially affected by altitude.
62
What does flying with a cold do ?
Increase the risk of damaging the sinuses and inner ear.
63
NIHL is caused by ?
Over exposure to 90 Db noise
64
Conductive hearing loss is caused by ?
Wax blocking the eardrum
Inner ear damage
Burst ear drum
fluid behind the eardrum
65
3 Ear chambers and contents
Outer, Middle, Inner
Air, Air, Liquid
66
hearing loss due to age is known as ?
presbycusis
67
Three parts of vestibular system ?
Cochlea (Hearing)
otoliths (Balance)
The semicircular canals (Balance)
68
Linear acceleration is felt by the ?
otoliths
69
Rotational acceleration Is felt by ?
The semicircular canals
70
Air sickness causes
Mismatch between vestibular and visual systems
Excessive vibration
71
Anaemic hypoxia is caused by ?
CO poisoning
Blood loss
Anaemia (low HB)
72
Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by ?
High altitude
Lack of oxygen saturation
73
What causes decompression sickness ?
Is nitrogen gas dissolved in blood coming out of solution in low pressure, which causes gas bubbles that block blood pressure
74
4 common de-compression sickness effects ?
Creeps
Bends
Chokes
Staggers
75
Post decompression actions ?
Oxgen mask
Emergency descend to lower alt
Land asap
No flying for 24 hours
76
Diving and flying restrictions ?
No flying within 12 hours of swimming using compressed air, 24 hours if depth exceeds 30ft
Sickness can occur at above 6000ft alt
77
Linear acceleration ?
Change in speed without direction change (thrust increase)
78
Angular acceleration ?
Occurs when both speed and direction change, as in a tight spin
79
Radial acceleration ?
Change in direction without the change in thrust
80
First carbon monoxide countermeasures, and proceeding ?
Stop all smoking !!
Turn off cabin heat
Ventilate the cabin
Land asap
81
Barotrauma is caused by ?
Rapid or extreme changes in air pressure
82
4 main barotrauma types ?
Octic- Most common and likely to happen during descent.
Sinus- Either climb or descend- watery eyes, fainting
Gastrointestinal- due to pressure decrease gas inside the stomach will expand dramatically.
Aerodontalgia- Gas expansion presses the dental nerve which causes pain
83
Barotrauma preventions ?
Don't fly with cold or flu
Don't fly with ear, nose or throat infection
Avoid gas generating foods
84
Ideal humidity conditions ?
22-27ºC
40-60% Humidity
85
A significant humidity decrease can cause ?
Dehydration, affection crew performance
Can be brought on by ineffective/ excessive air con use
86
When is incapacitation most dangerous ?
- Reaction ?
When its onset is insidious
Ensure incapacitated crew member is not interfering with the controls
87
Where is most ozone found ?
Stratosphere (90%)
88
What are the two types of cosmic radiation ?
Solar or galactic
89
BMI scale
-20 = Underweight
20-25= Normal
25-30= Overweight
30+= Obese
90
The most dangerous type of incapacitation is ?
Gastroenteritis- Insidious onset
91
Food contaminants in tropical countries ?
Raw veg
Ice-cream
Peeled fruit
Local mayo
Sea food
92
Water contaminants in tropical countries ?
Personal hygiene
Ice for drinks
Swimming pools
Rivers and dams
93
How to prevent hypoglycaemia (low glucose- blood sugar- levels)
Eat healthy meals at regular times ?
94
What is the biggest tropical killer disease ?
Malaria
95
Other potential tropical diseases include ?
Cholera
Hepatitis
Typhoid
Intestinal parasites
Rabies
Tetanus
STD's
96
What is the yellow book ?
Documentation of all received vaccinations and when
97
Metabolisation rate of alcohol ?
+/- 1 unit per hour
(1 unit is 0.2 grams, so if 0.9 grams is 4.5 units, metabolisation will take 4.5 hours)
98
How much is considered a too high caffeine dosage ?
300mg per day
(Infusions (herbal/plant based) do not contain caffeine)
99
Rules on self medication ?
No use of perception or non-prescription drugs is authorised without clearance from aero medical authorities, AMeC or AME
100
101
What does black hole effect cause ?
Dangerously low approach
102
Best illusions countermeasure ?
Use your instruments to help with your mental model
103
Best approach height counter measures ?
PAPI’s (4 dots, more red means too low, more white means too high)
104
Somatogravic illusions are ?
False sense of pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating. (Due to head tilt)
105
Narrow/long runways causes ?
A feeling of being too high.
Causes you to push down and land hard and short
106
Wide/shirt runway causes
Feeling of being too low
Causes you to pull, meaning you land long or overrun
107
Bright light runway causes
Illusion of being too close (steep)
Causes you to push and land short and hard
108
Low intensity lighting causes
Perception of Being too far away (shallow)
Causes you to push and long long or overrun
109
Light rain, fog, haze, mist, dust, smoke causes
Perception of Being too close
Causing push over and landing shirt and hard
110
Heavy rain causes
Perception of Being too close
Causes push over and landing short and hard
111
Flying in haze causes
Perception of being further away
Pulling up and landing long or overrunning
112
The leans are ?
False sense of increasing or decreasing aircraft bank or altitude.
113
Coriolis ?
False sensation of tumbling
114
Somatogyral illusion ?
False sense or angular acceleration or false sense of no angular acceleration when it is present
115
Spatial disorientation counters ?
Using your instruments
Establish as many visual cues as possible
Return to VMC asap
