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Human Osteology > Human Osteology Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Human Osteology Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are in the skeletal system?

A

206 bones

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2
Q

cranial anatomy

A

head

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3
Q

postcranial anatomy

A

everything else below the head

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4
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs, back, chest, about 80 bones within the central core of the body

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5
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

everything that attaches to the axial, shoulders, legs, hands, forearms, 126 bones

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6
Q

Frankfort plane

A

line that goes right under eyes and over ears directly back, splits skull in two

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7
Q

saggiato (midsaggital)

A

cuts you down the middle between genitals

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8
Q

front (coronal)

A

cuts down through arms and splits open back to front

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9
Q

transverse (horizontal)

A

cuts you across and through the stomach

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10
Q

oblique

A

a cut that is through the body at any angle other than horizontal or vertical

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11
Q

superior/cranial

A

top

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12
Q

inferior/caudal

A

underneath

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13
Q

anterior/ventral

A

the front

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14
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

the back/behind

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15
Q

medial

A

towards the middle line (big toe, towards the middle of the body)

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16
Q

lateral

A

outwards (pinky toe)

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17
Q

proximal

A

upper part of the bone

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18
Q

distal

A

lower part of the bone

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19
Q

standard anatomical postion

A

standing, feet together, facing forward, palm of hands facing forward, no bones crossed

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20
Q

supine

A

palms anterior (taking eucharist)

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21
Q

pronate

A

palm posterior (typing)

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22
Q

flexion

A

bending movement (fist)

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23
Q

extension

A

a straightening movement (hands extended, or arms dorsal or swinging back)

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24
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the saggital plane (raising the arm to the side like Jesus)

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25
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the saggital plane (bring arm down to slap the side of the thigh)

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26
Q

circumduction

A

rotation of the arm to wave a car forward or in sports an arm rotation or leg rotation

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27
Q

rotation

A

motion that occurs as one body part turns on a axis (head rotating)

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28
Q

opposition

A

motion in which body parts are brought together (thumb and finger tips allows us to grasp small objects)

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29
Q

pronation

A

rotary of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumbs lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumbs medial) (typing)

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30
Q

supination

A

rotary motion of the forearm that returns the palm to anterior facing position thumbs lateral (begging for food)

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31
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion of the anterior portion of the foot away from the ground (walking on heels)

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32
Q

plantarflexion

A

flexing of the anterior portion of the foot inferiorly toward the ground at the ankle (walling on toes like a ballerina)

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33
Q

eversion

A

turning the sole of the foot outward so that it faces away from the midline of the body

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34
Q

inversion

A

turning the sole of the foot inwards so that it faces toward the midline of the body

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35
Q

function of the skeleton

A

support organs, protect organs, movement, storage (bone marrow, blood and fat)

36
Q

long bones

A

arms and legs

37
Q

short bones

A

metacarpals (bones in hand), phalanges (finger bones), metatarsals (bones in foot)

38
Q

flat and tabular bones

A

ribs, skull, scapula, pelvis, sternum

39
Q

irregular bones

A

vertebrae, carpals, tarsals

40
Q

structural bone component external

A

external bone solid, dense bone (cortical compact)

41
Q

structural bone component internal

A

internal bone porous light-weight bone, trabecular, spongy, cancellous (when cut open)

42
Q

medullary cavity

A

opening to hold yellow marrow, fatty storage within the bone)

43
Q

epiphysis

A

on both ends they fuse to the long portion of the bone

44
Q

diaphysis

A

the long portion of the bone

45
Q

metaphysis

A

ends of the bone that fuse together with the epiphysis

46
Q

periosteum

A

thin, fibrous layer of tissue that is on the outside of the bone

47
Q

endosteum

A

thin tissue like material on the inside of the bone

48
Q

metaphyseal growth plate

A

when note fused allows bones to grow until age of development, then will go away)

49
Q

bones maintain homeostasis through 2 cell types

A

osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocytes

50
Q

osteoblast

A

born forming cell (creates new bone)

51
Q

osteoclast

A

break down/absorb the bone

52
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cell (mid point)

53
Q

what maintains the bone tissue?

A

the equilibrium between osteoblasts and the osteoclasts

54
Q

collagen

A

protein molecule, 90% of the bone’s organic material, flexible, elastic fibers

55
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

inorganic, mineral hardness and rigidity

56
Q

histology

A

the study of tissues at a microscopic level

57
Q

synovial joints

A

hyaline cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule

58
Q

ball and socket joint of spheroidal

A

femoral head into the acetabulum of the hip

59
Q

hinge joint

A

hinge like movement in one direction, elbow or knee

60
Q

saddle-shape or stellar joint

A

movement in two directions, base of thumb

61
Q

planar joint

A

two bones sliding across one another, wrist and arch of the foot

62
Q

cartilaginous (synchondroses)

A

bones are connected by cartilage, minimal movement, ribs and sternum

63
Q

syndesmoses

A

tight fibrous bands, lower leg bones, tibia and fibula, cranial sutures

64
Q

gomphosis

A

fibrous peg and socket, joint between the tooth root and the bone of the jaw (alveolar bone)

65
Q

living tissue

A

blood vessels, nerves, collagen, osteoblasts and osteoclasts

66
Q

mature cells (dormant)

A

osteocytes, waiting for the osteoclast to come and break it apart

67
Q

bone matrix (osteoid)

A

collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite

68
Q

collagen fibers

A

tensile strength and stretching capability

69
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

compressional forces, squeezing, can absorb pressure but can’t be twisted

70
Q

intramembranous bones

A

involved the replacement of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony tissue, osteoblasts migrate to the members, deposit bony matrix around themselves.

71
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

the skull, jaw, and collarbone need to ossify fast!

72
Q

endochondral ossification

A

everything else doesn’t ossify fast so kids bounce and don’t break

73
Q

endochondral bones

A

involved the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue, most bones form this way. Look up more on notes!

74
Q

bone growth elongation

A

epiphyseal/metaphysical growth plates, plates expand and form new cells, increase in shaft length, complete around 25-30

75
Q

bone growth diameter

A

appositional growth, osteoclasts remove bone from endoseal surface, osteoblasts deposit bone on periostea surface, deposition (absorption) bone mass remains the same

76
Q

factors that affect bone growth

A

nutrition (calcium, vitamin A and C), sunlight, hormonal secretion, ovaries and testes, Estrogen inhibits bone osteoclasts activity (preserves bone density) testosterone promotes muscle mass (osteoblast activity), physical exercise

77
Q

Osteopenia/osteoporosis

A

osteoblasts activity is below normal, menopausal women, 75 = 1/3 skeletal mass lost, caused by lack of exercise poor diet and lack of hormones

78
Q

males taller than females

A

females begin earlier max velocity around 12 until 18. Males begin later max velocity around 14 until 20

79
Q

NAGPRA, Native American graves protection and repatriation act

A

November 16, 1990. Requires institutions who receive federal funding to return cultural items to lineal descendants/culturally affiliated tribes, skeleton remains, sacred objects, funerary objects, other cultural objects

80
Q

planning projects

A

what supplies are needed, obtain necessary permitting, who to call if skeletal remains are found, where to store skeletons on the field and off the field

81
Q

excavation, three important questions

A

is it human? what is the MNI (minimum number of individuals), what is the context (forensic, historic, prehistoric), procedures for excavation and storage

82
Q

other ethical considerations: respecting the dead

A

communication and involvement with the descendent community, using gloves, using markers to label only, appropriate use of adhesive, proper storage when not in use, destructive analysis

83
Q

preservation for future generations

A

aDNA, isotope analysis, photography, recording practices, etc., minimally invasive sample methods

84
Q

Lamellar bone

A

bone rings

85
Q

Haversian canal

A

where the blood vessels and nerves run through

86
Q

lacunae

A

the pocket that holds the osteocyte

Human Osteology (1 decks)

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