human nutrition D1

Question 1

what is scurvy?

Answer 1

disease caused by lack of vit C, characterized by weakness, anemia, gum disease and hemorrhages.

Question 2

treatment of scurvy

Answer 2

taking vit C supplements, patients improve in 24hrs.

Question 3

what is another word for vitamin C ?

Answer 3

Ascorbic acid

Question 4

what is vit C needed for? State 4 reasons.

Answer 4

synthesis of collagen fibers / synthesis of lipoprotein / involved in immune system / antioxidant properties.

Question 5

human body doesn’t produce vit C anymore, why ?

Answer 5

Due to changes in GLO gene that made important enzymes unable to produce.

Question 6

definition of essential nutrients? give examples of EN

Answer 6

cannot be replaced or synthesized by the body. Must come from diet.
ex: water, minerals, some vitamins…

Question 7

definition of non-essential nutrients?
give examples of NEN

Answer 7

can be replaced or synthesized by the body.
ex: saturated fatty acids, sugars, some vitamins

Question 8

definition of nutrient

Answer 8

chemical substance found in food that is used by the body

Question 9

state 2 functions of dietary fiber.

Answer 9

adds bulk to food which activates receptors in the stomach and give the sensation of fullness.
Fiber clears trapped materials and dead cells from the digestive track, reducing chances of cancers and blockage.

Question 10

What does high-fiber diet prevent?

Answer 10

constipation and weight control

Question 11

definition of dietary minerals

Answer 11

essential chemical elements.

Question 12

definition of vitamin

Answer 12

organic compound in food needed in small amounts for growth and health.

Question 13

definition of minerals.

Answer 13

elements present in food required by our body to function/develop properly.

Question 14

what is calcium?

Answer 14

essential mineral, major electrolyte mineral (ex:cheese, milk…)

Question 15

what is chloride?

Answer 15

essential mineral/ electrolyte that regulates fluids (Ex: salt, seaweed…)

Question 16

what is iodine deficiency?

Answer 16

inability to produce thyroxin and consequent metabolic disturbing. Serious during pregnancy. IDD also leads to groitre.

Question 17

what is goitre?

Answer 17

deficiency in iodine causing abnormal enlargement of thyroid gland.

Question 18

another name for vit D?

Answer 18

calciferol

Question 19

function of vit D

Answer 19

required for absorption of calcium in the gut

Question 20

deficiency of vit D results in…
state 2 things

Answer 20

• rickets, bone softness, seen in children
• osteomalacia, bone thinning, seen in adults

Question 21

sources of vit D

Answer 21

skin/diet/supplements

Question 22

functions of fatty acids in human physiology?
state 4

Answer 22

• building blocks: cell membrane components (phospholipids…)
• targeting molecules: by attaching to proteins
• fuel: energy stored as triglycerides
• messenger molecules: used to produce hormones

Question 23

what is omega 6?

Answer 23

essential fatty acids.
increase immune response, inflamation, blood pressure (alpha-linoleic acid)

Question 24

what is omega 3?

Answer 24

essential fatty acids.
promotes heart health (walnuts, chia seeds…) linoleic acid.

Question 25

what is LDL?

Answer 25

low density lipoprotein: transports/stores cholesterol within blood stream.(BAD)

Question 26

what is HDL?

Answer 26

high density lipoprotein: regulates PDP storage and promotes excretion. (GOOD)

Question 27

amino acids threonine and arginine

Answer 27

• must be in diet, no storage mechanism in body.
• conditionally essential
• threonine : essential but can be synthesized by body if phenylalanine present.
• arginine: can be produced by adult body but not in infants.

Question 28

what is Phenylketonuria? (PKU)

Answer 28

-inherited disorder that causes amino acids to build up in body.
-caused by change in phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH)
-consequences: reduced growth of head and brain with mental retardation of children. severe learning diff and seizures
-treatment include eating a diet in phenylalanine the rest of their life.

Question 29

what is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 29

severe acute malnutrition (SAM)
lack of protein in diet (blood plasma proteins).
very skinny except for belly, anckles and feet (abdomen not strong enough to hold guts so belly swell in fluid)
symptomes: fatigue, failure to grow, diarrhea…
diagnosis: examination of enlarged liver or blood test.
impact poor children or war prisoners.

Question 30

definition of malnutrition

Answer 30

deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy or nutrients.

Question 31

definition of stuning

Answer 31

people to short for their age

Question 32

definition of wasting

Answer 32

people too thin for their age

Question 33

what is the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

portion of the brain regulating appetite.
hormonally controlled by
- pancreas (insulin, glucagon)
- GIT (ghrelin, CCK…)
- Adipose (leptin)

Question 34

what happens when the stomach is empty?

Answer 34

increase of Ghrelin = increase of appetite.
CCK, GLP-1, PYY decreases.

Question 35

what happens when stomach is full?

Answer 35

low ghrelin = low appetite.
CCK, GLP-1, PYY increase.

Question 36

what is hypertension?

Answer 36

high bood pressure.
associated with high salt intake

Question 37

process of hypertension?

Answer 37

• high body mass = high blood volume
• high blood volume = expansion of vessels = high blood pressure.
• weight gain = higher cardiac output = high blood pressure.
  caused by NUTRITION, OBESITY, TOBACCO USE, P.E.

Question 38

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 38

more common in adults. characterized by body cells resistance to the normal effect of insulin, as well as decrease in insulin production.
- must control carbohydrate intake carefully to keep blood glucose levels stable.