Human Nutrition

Question 1

energy intake greater than energy expenditure

Answer 1

positive energy balance

Question 2

energy intake less than energy expenditure

Answer 2

negative energy balance

Question 3

how much of metabolism does basal metabolic rate constitute?

Answer 3

60-70%

Question 4

what does basal metabolic rate increase with?

Answer 4

lean muscle mass, surface area, growth, fever, injury

Question 5

total amount of calories required to maintain current activity level & Body status

Answer 5

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) or Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

Question 6

How do you calculate total energy expenditure/estimated energy requirement for adult men?

Answer 6

harris benedict eqn:

66.5 + (13.8XWT) + (5Xht) - (6.8Xage)

Question 7

how do you calculate total energy expenditure or estimated energy requirement for adult women?

Answer 7

harris benedict eqn:

655.1 + (9.6Xwt) + (1.9xht)-(4.7xage)

Question 8

BMI formula

Answer 8

wt in kg/ ht in m squared

Question 9

bmi values above what are associated with increased risk of chronic disease

Answer 9

25

Question 10

how much energy (in kcal/g) do carbs provide?

Answer 10

4 kcal/g

Question 11

what is the recommended carb intake in diet?

Answer 11

45-65%

Question 12

what is the preferred source of energy for the brain & RBCs?

Answer 12

carbs

Question 13

how much energy do proteins provide in kcal/g?

Answer 13

4 kcal/ g

Question 14

what is the recommended protein intake?

Answer 14

10-25%

Question 15

what are the essential amino acids?

Answer 15

histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Question 16

what is fluid balance?

Answer 16

albumin & globulin counteract blood pressure & prevent fluid from being forced into interstitial spaces

Question 17

how much energy in kcal/g do lipids provide?

Answer 17

9 kcal/g

Question 18

what is the recommended lipid intake?

Answer 18

20-35%

Question 19

what are the essential fatty acids ?

Answer 19

alpha-linolenic acid & linoleic acid

Question 20

what are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 20

A, D, E, K

Question 21

what are the soluble vitamins?

Answer 21

B complex & C

Question 22

what are the macroelements & how much is required?

Answer 22

Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, Phosphate

> 100 mg

Question 23

what are the microelements and how much is required?

Answer 23

iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, etc.

<100 mg

Question 24

what happens when you have low serum calcium levels?

Answer 24

tetany, or intermittent involuntary muscle contractions

Question 25

how is calcium regulated?

Answer 25

calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, & calcitonin

Question 26

what are causes of calcium deficiency?

Answer 26

vitamin D deficiency, Hypoalbuminemia, Primary Hypoparathyroidism

Question 27

what is the function of iron?

Answer 27

oxidation/reduction reaction enzyme, component hemoglobin & myoglobin

Question 28

what is the function of zinc?

Answer 28

DNA & RNA synthesis

Question 29

what are the biochemical markers?

Answer 29

low ferritin, high TIBC

Question 30

what are symptoms seen in zinc deficiency?

Answer 30

impaired wound healing, loss of taste & smell, growth retardation, hypogonadism, & rash

Question 31

what are symptoms of copper deficiency ?

Answer 31

rare; impaired wound healing, anemia, & peripheral neuropathy

Question 32

what happens with wilson’s disease?

Answer 32

copper toxicity

kaysier flescher rings around the eye

low alt/ast, enlarged liver, difficulty swallowing, gold ring around cornea, neurological symptoms such as dystonia & ataxia

Question 33

what happens with iodine deficiency?

Answer 33

hypothyroidism (over 150 mcg/d)

Question 34

what happens with iodine toxicity?

Answer 34

hyperthyroidism (over 150 mcg/d)

Question 35

kwashiorkor (protein malnutrition)

Answer 35

some muscle & subcutaneous fat, distended abdomen n

Question 36

marasmus (protein & energy malnutrition)

Answer 36

form of malnutrition that results from severe deficits in protein & calorie intake

subtype: hypoalbuminemic form is prevalent in hospitalized patients

clinical features: severe weight loss, cachexia, loss of subcutaneous fat, severe growth impairment at less than 60% normal weigth for age, skin & bone appearance, reduced food & nutrient intake, reduced grip strength

biochemical features: low albumin, anemia, low blood glucose, but labs may be normal since tissue is wasting away

Question 37

type 2 diabetes milletus

Answer 37

clinical features: likely overweight/elevated BMI, edema, hypertension, polydipsia, polyuria, fatigue

fasting blood glucose > 126; HbA1c is over 6.5%
random blood glucose > 200 mg/dL

Question 38

phenylketonuria

Answer 38

mutation of phylalanine hydroxylase gene; phenylalanine can’t be metabolized to tyrosine & accumulates to toxic levels; diagnosed at birth; requires low phe diet & supplementation with tyrosine

clinical features: underweight, mousy ordor in urine & sweat & dermatitis

Question 39

hyperkalemia

Answer 39

elevated serum potassium caused by renal disease; hyperkalemia causes decreased calcium excretion in the urine & suppress renin angiotensin system, leading to increased excretion of Na & water

clinical features: weakness, anxiety, palpitations, arrhythmia, GI distress

Question 40

pellagra

Answer 40

niacin (b3) deficiency

those at risk: alcoholics, malabsoprtion disorders, famine, hartnup’s disease

Question 41

beriberi

Answer 41

thiamine (b1) deficiency

alcoholics at risk

Question 42

pernicious anemia

Answer 42

B12 deficiency; most common in older adults, vegans, alcoholics, & those with atrophic gastritis