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Brain and Behavior > Human Nervous System (Edan) > Flashcards

Human Nervous System (Edan) Flashcards

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1
Q

t/f: NS essential for life

A

false

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2
Q

Describe what is meant by a nerve net?

A

NS of older phyla (jellyfish) very simple & consists of a nerve net of neurons
that receive sensory information and directly
link to other neurons to move muscles

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3
Q

Describe, in ascending order, key evolutionary features in the development of NS?

A
  1. neurons and muscles
  2. nerve nets
  3. bilateral symmetry
  4. segmentation
  5. ganglia
  6. spinal cord
  7. brain
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4
Q

Describe what is meant by segmentation?

A

repeated series of similar structural arrangement (muscularly)

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5
Q

Why are ganglia considered a key evolutionary feature in the development of NS’?

A

because - clusters of neurons resemble
primitive brains & function like command
centres (ie. octopuses)

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6
Q

Spinal cords are only found in highly _____ _____

A

evolved chordates

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7
Q

what is a chordate?

A
  • animals of the phylum chordata
  • at some point possess:
    1. notocord
    2. hollow dorsal nerve cord
    3. pharyngeal slits
    4. endostyle
    5. post-anal tail
  • Brain Evolution of representative chordates have many structures in common, indicating a single (common) basic
    brain plan across chordate species
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8
Q

t/f: The chordate Phylum (frogs, reptiles, birds,
mammals) have a true brain specialized to control of
distinctive behaviour

A

true

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9
Q

earliest known human ancestor lived in _____ around _______ years ago

A

africa, 6-7 MYA

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10
Q

Australopithecus:

a. ) lived how many years ago?
b. ) brain size?
c. ) locomotion?
d. ) tool usage?
e. ) example?

A

a. 3MYA
b. 450cc
c. walked upright bipedal
d. used tools
e. Lucy - indications she used tools

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11
Q

Provide information on the following hominid: neanderthal

A

had large brains,

advanced tools, burial rituals, lived in complex social groups and physical adaptations to ice age

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12
Q

Provide information on the following hominid: cro-magnon man

A

Cro-Magnon Man (modern) had large brains, more sophisticated
tools, art & language,
behavioural flexibility and
learning capacity

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13
Q

t/f: neanderthals had a larger cranial capacity

A

true

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14
Q

draw anatomical organization of human NS

A

look at M1 lecture slides

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15
Q

draw functional organization human NS

A

look at M1 lecture slides

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16
Q

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: CNS

A

Brain & spinal cord are at the core of the

system and mediate behaviour

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17
Q

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: somatic NS

A

Spinal and cranial
nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS
from muscles, joints & skin. Also transmits
outgoing motor instructions for movement

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18
Q

functionally, the human NS can be broken down to a 3 part system. Explain the following part: autonomic nervous system

A

Balances the
body’s internal organs through (i) parasympathetic
nerves which have a calming effect and (ii)
sympathetic nerves which have an arousing effect

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19
Q

When describe anatomy of the brain, dorsal refers to the __

A

top

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20
Q

what’re the main BV’s supplying the brain?

A

anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries

21
Q

describe the difference between gray and white matter - how is it distributed in the brain?

A

Grey matter contains neuron cell body’s, capillary blood vessels and unmyelinated axons - functioning to collect and modify information.

White matter is comprised of myelinated axons, functioning to form connects between neurons.

The order from out to inside the brain is grey-white-grey

22
Q

When describe anatomy of the brain, ventral refers to the __

A

bottom

23
Q

What are brain ventricles, what are their function? Name them?

A

4 cavities filled with CSF used to clean the brain
L + R lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle

24
Q

t/f: the SC produces most movements following

instruction from the brain (motor cortex), but can act independently (reflex)

A

true

25
Q

what’re the 3 regions of the brainstem?

A

hindbrain, midbrain and diencephalon

(did you think it was medulla, pons, and midbrain? Well the
hindbrain contains medulla and pons, and the diencephalon is technically part of the brainstem. Thus, the lecturer’s answer is more comprehensive)

26
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: neocortex

A

regulate host mental activity

27
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: basal ganglia

A

controls voluntary movement

28
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: limbic system

A

regulates emotions & behaviors that create and require memory

29
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: frontal lobe

A

cognition - decision making, planning, problem solving

30
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: parietal

A

receives and processes sensory information

31
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: occipital lobe

A

visual processing

32
Q

Briefly state the function of the following: temporal

A

memory
emotion
hearing
language

33
Q

basal ganglia is composed of what structures?

A

thalamus
sub-thalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

34
Q

Parkinson’s disease is neural degenerative starting in the ____ ___ & progressing through brain

A

substantia nigra

35
Q

describe the structure and function of the limbic system?

A
  • complex set structures
  • located both sides thalamus, right under cerebrum
  • strong connection to nucelus accumbens (pleasure center)
  • motivation, memory, sexual behaviour, emotion
  • significant role in reward: limbic system has dopaminergic projections which play roles in learning
36
Q

3 parts of somatic NS?

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal nerves
  3. association nerves (integrate motor/ sensory)
37
Q

t/f: cranial nerves are responsible for affarent, but not efferent nerve functions

A

false - efferent also (control face, tongue)

38
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs of CN’s

39
Q

list the name/ functions of CN’s 1-6?

A
  1. Olfactory (smell)
  2. Optic (vision)
  3. Oculomotor (eye movement)
  4. Trochlear (eye movement)
  5. Trigeminal (sensation & chewing)
  6. Abducens (eye movement)
40
Q

list the name/ functions of CN’s 7-12?

A
  1. Facial (movement & sensation)
  2. Auditory vestibular (hearing & balance)
  3. Glossopharyngeal (tongue/pharynx)
  4. Vagus (heart, vessels, larynx)
  5. Spinal accessory (neck muscles)
  6. Hypoglossal (tongue muscles)
41
Q

t/f: CN’s are mixed nerves which carry motor,
sensory, and autonomic signals
between the spinal cord and the
body

A

false - what is described here is spinal nerves

42
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves exist? How are they grouped?

A

31 - into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

43
Q

in terms of spinal cord neuronal anatomy, what’re collateral branches of sensory neurons?

A

collateral branches of sensory neurons may cross to the other side and influence motor neurons there

44
Q

Dorsal fibers are ______- carry information from _____

Ventral fibers are ______- carry information out of ______

A

Dorsal fibers are afferent - carry information from receptors
Ventral fibers are efferent - carry information out of spinal cord

45
Q

dorsal tracts are (motor/ sensory)

A

sensory

46
Q

ventral tracts are (motor/ sensory)

A

motor

47
Q

the autonomic nervous system is a division of the ________ nervous system that
influences the function of _____ ______

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that

influences the function of internal organs

48
Q

describe the difference in function between the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The Sympathetic NS’s primary process is to stimulate
the body’s fight-or-flight response. Constantly active at a basic level to maintain homeostasis for survival.

The Parasympathetic NS is responsible for stimulation
of “rest-and-digest” or “feed and breed” activities that
occur when the body is at rest. Primary involvement in sexual arousal, salivation, lacrimation (tears), urination, digestion and defecation.

49
Q

What’re the 10 principles of the nervous system?

this is a construct made up by our lecturer I believe

A
  1. NS produces movement in a perceptual world created by
    the brain
  2. Neuroplasticity (re-organization of cortical structures) is
    evident in the NS of all mammalians brains
  3. Many of the brain’s circuits (inputs and outputs) crossover
  4. The CNS functions on multiple levels which are integrated
  5. The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical (language)
  6. Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout the NS
  7. Sensory input into the brain is divided for object
    recognition and motor control (will learn about this in
    vision lecture)
  8. Functions in the brain are both localized (specific
    language abilities have very specific locations) and
    distributed (language itself involves wide regions of the
    brain)
  9. NS works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
    (think of a movement)

(yes they missed 6 lmao)

Brain and Behavior (12 decks)

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