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BIOLOGY > Human Nervous System > Flashcards

Human Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

function of the NS

A

bodies communication centre

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2
Q

how does the body communicate with us

A

by continuous flow of info

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3
Q

what does the NS help us with

A

eating running solving problems emotions

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4
Q

coordination in the body is controlled by what 2 things

A

by both the nervous system and chemical coordination through hormones

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5
Q

describe the 3 functions of the NS

A

sensory receptors function
integrative/associative function
motor effectors function

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6
Q

what does the sensory function do

A

detect changes in the environment both external and internal

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7
Q

give examples of sensory receptors function

A

eyes (sight), ears (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch)

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8
Q

what does the integrative function do

A

receives info and makes decisions regarding action

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9
Q

examples of integrative function

A

change, stay, ignore

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10
Q

what does the motor function do?

A

causes an appropriate response in an effector

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11
Q

examples of motor function

A

muscles and glands

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12
Q

voluntary movement of motor functions

A

muscles

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13
Q

involuntary movement of motor function

A

glands

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14
Q

what is stimuli (plural) or stimulus (singular)

A

a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment

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15
Q

give examples of internal stimuli

A

blood pressure, pH, tension in muscles

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16
Q

examples of external stimuli

A

light, temp, sound, pressure

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17
Q

break the nervous system into 2

A

peripheral and central

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18
Q

break peripheral into 2

A

autonomic and somatic

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19
Q

what is autonomic nervous system ANS

A

consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and therefore is the involuntary movements

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20
Q

what is ANS responsible for

A

maintaining homeostasis and controls internal activities of organs and glands

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21
Q

what is somatic nervous system SNS

A

a division of PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles and therefore is the voluntary muscles movement

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22
Q

break the ANS into 2

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

what is sympathetic nervous system

A

a set of nerves that preps the body for action in challenging situations
adrenalin

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24
Q

what is parasympathetic nervous system

A

a system of ANS that clams the body or conserving its energy
rest or digest
to recover from stimulation to normal

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25
Q

define innervate

A

to supply with nerves

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26
Q

define double innervation

A

when there is an organ with the supply of both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

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27
Q

what happens during flight or fight

A

more oxygen, glucose and more blood

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28
Q

examples of parasympathetic nervous system

A

heart : strengthens + acceleration
: weakens + slows down
speed up or slow down heart rate
radial contract, dilating pupil - and circular muscles contract constricting pupil

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29
Q

what is peripheral nervous system PNS

A

is all the nerves extending from the spinal cord

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30
Q

describe the sensory function in the PNS

A

collects all the stimulus from receptors and takes to CNS

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31
Q

describe the motor function of the PNS

A

takes all the impulses from CNS to effectors to bring a response

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32
Q

what does the CNS comprise of `

A

the brain and spinal cord

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33
Q

provide the five protective structures of the brain

A 
skull
meninges 
cerebrospinal fluid 
vertebral column 
blood brain barrier
34
Q

function of the meninges

A

producer of CSF from the three membranes

and act as shock absorption

35
Q

what are the 5 macrostructures of the brain

A

cerebrum (at the top)
cerebellum (broccoli)
hypothalamus (that tiny fold in the middle)
medulla oblongata (just before spinal chord)
spinal chord (the last bit)
pituitary gland (little piece under hypothalamus)

36
Q

what is that thing that joins the left and right hemisphere together in the cerebrum

A

the corpus callosum

37
Q

what is the function if the corpus callosum

A

communication to coordinate smoothly

38
Q

where is the grey and white matter in the cerebrum

A 
grey = outside
white = inside
39
Q

functions of the cerebrum

A

sensory - recieve and interpret data
integrative - higher thinking, memories
motor - all VOLUNTARY movement (skeletal muscles)

40
Q

why is only a small part of the leg sensitive

A

because it is used for movement and it is full of effectors

41
Q

functions of the cerebellum

A

allows for smooth movement (coordinates movement)
controlling of muscle tone
posture and balance

42
Q

does the cerebellum have hemispheres

A

yes, two

43
Q

discuss why the cerebellum is called the tree of life

A

grey matter looks like tree foliage

and white matter looks like the branches

44
Q

functions of the medulla oblongata

A

pathway for impulses to and from the brain
reflex centre for breathing, coughing and swallowing (peristalsis)
so in general is in charge of all the involuntary stuff breathing and heartbeat

45
Q

what is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain and spin connect

A

the foramen magnum

46
Q

explain why the left hemisphere controls the right of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body

A

because the nerves cross over eachother over the medulla oblongata on the way to the brain

47
Q

functions of the hypothalamus

A 
maintains homeostasis (body temp, food intake, sleep cycle) 
controls emotional response (pain/pleasure and fear/rage)
and controls the functioning of the pituitary gland
48
Q

two characteristics that apply to both the cerebellum and cerebrum

A

has surface folds and grooves

49
Q

where is the grey and white matter spinal chord

A

grey matter is on the inside

white matter is on the outside

50
Q

what is the spinal chord

A

elongated rod of nervous tissue starting from medulla oblonagata

51
Q

where does the spinal chord lie

A

inside the vertebral canal

52
Q

functions of the spinal chord

A

pathway for impulses to follow

integrative function for primal reflexes - spianl reflexes it protects the body

53
Q

what is vertebral column

A

it is the bone

54
Q

what is vertebrae

A

33 individual bones

55
Q

what are the discs between the vertebrea called

A

cartilage discs

56
Q

what is the function of the cartilage discs

A

shock absorption

57
Q

what is the central canal filled with

A

CSF

58
Q

what are the axons, myelin sheaths made out of in the spin

A

white matter

59
Q

what are the nerve bodies, dendrite and synapses made out of in the spin

A

grey matter

60
Q

what is the structural unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

61
Q

to make a motor nueron what do you need (8) labels

A 
dendrite 
nucleus 
axon 
myelin sheath
Schwann cell
node of Ranvier 
synaptic knob
terminal branch
62
Q

what is the cell body of the neuron made of

A

membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus

63
Q

function of the dendrite and nucleus

A
  1. recive and direct impulses to the cell body

2. control cell body metabolism

64
Q

what is the function of the axon

A

pathway for stimulus over long distances

65
Q

function of the myelin sheath

A

for electrical insulation and

prevents impulses from disruption from other activity

66
Q

what is myelin made out of

A

white fatty tissue/matter

67
Q

what is the function of the Schwann cell

A

it secretes myelin and its wrapped around the axon

68
Q

what is the function of the node of Ranvier

A

allows rapid conduction of impulses by forcing them to jump from node to node

69
Q

when drawing the motor neuron what is the order of the structures node of Ranvier, myelin sheath and Schwann cell

A

myelin sheath is the space closest to the axon
Schwann cell is that arch
and the node of Ranvier is the space between the two Schwann cells SO LEAVE A SPACE FOR IT PLEASE!!

70
Q

what is the function of the synaptic knob

A

creates a synapse with another motor neuron, gland cell

71
Q

what is the function of the terminal branch

A

carry impulse to synaptic knob

72
Q

should we indicate a direction of impulse??????

A

YES

73
Q

then which way do we indicate the arrow of direction of impulse

A

from the dendrite to the terminal branches

74
Q

types of neurons please?

A

unipolar neuron/sensory
connector/interneuron/bipolar neuron
multipolar/motor neuron

75
Q

give the characteristics of sensory neuron

A

cell body in the middle
1 dendrite = unipolar
carries the impulse to the CNS = AFFERENT

76
Q

characteristics of connector neuron

A

it processes the decisions from the CNS and passes them on

has TWO DENDRITES because the cell body is in the middle

77
Q

charcteristics of the motor neuron

A

multiple dendrites
carry away to effectors
efferent

78
Q

what is an impulse/stimulus

A

the form of electrical communication used by neurons

79
Q

what is a dendrite

A

it is a structure in a neuron that receives stimuli from other cells

80
Q

axon

A

extension of nerves cell body that conducts impulses along a distance

81
Q

what is the node of Ranvier

A

tiny gaps between schwann cells that aid in increasing the speed of impulse conduction

BIOLOGY (3 decks)

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