Human Nervous System Flashcards
function of the NS
bodies communication centre
how does the body communicate with us
by continuous flow of info
what does the NS help us with
eating running solving problems emotions
coordination in the body is controlled by what 2 things
by both the nervous system and chemical coordination through hormones
describe the 3 functions of the NS
sensory receptors function
integrative/associative function
motor effectors function
what does the sensory function do
detect changes in the environment both external and internal
give examples of sensory receptors function
eyes (sight), ears (hearing), nose (smell), tongue (taste), skin (touch)
what does the integrative function do
receives info and makes decisions regarding action
examples of integrative function
change, stay, ignore
what does the motor function do?
causes an appropriate response in an effector
examples of motor function
muscles and glands
voluntary movement of motor functions
muscles
involuntary movement of motor function
glands
what is stimuli (plural) or stimulus (singular)
a physical or chemical change in the internal or external environment
give examples of internal stimuli
blood pressure, pH, tension in muscles
examples of external stimuli
light, temp, sound, pressure
break the nervous system into 2
peripheral and central
break peripheral into 2
autonomic and somatic
what is autonomic nervous system ANS
consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and therefore is the involuntary movements
what is ANS responsible for
maintaining homeostasis and controls internal activities of organs and glands
what is somatic nervous system SNS
a division of PNS that controls the body’s skeletal muscles and therefore is the voluntary muscles movement
break the ANS into 2
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what is sympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that preps the body for action in challenging situations
adrenalin
what is parasympathetic nervous system
a system of ANS that clams the body or conserving its energy
rest or digest
to recover from stimulation to normal
define innervate
to supply with nerves
define double innervation
when there is an organ with the supply of both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
what happens during flight or fight
more oxygen, glucose and more blood
examples of parasympathetic nervous system
heart : strengthens + acceleration
: weakens + slows down
speed up or slow down heart rate
radial contract, dilating pupil - and circular muscles contract constricting pupil
what is peripheral nervous system PNS
is all the nerves extending from the spinal cord
describe the sensory function in the PNS
collects all the stimulus from receptors and takes to CNS
describe the motor function of the PNS
takes all the impulses from CNS to effectors to bring a response
what does the CNS comprise of `
the brain and spinal cord
provide the five protective structures of the brain
skull meninges cerebrospinal fluid vertebral column blood brain barrier
function of the meninges
producer of CSF from the three membranes
and act as shock absorption
what are the 5 macrostructures of the brain
cerebrum (at the top)
cerebellum (broccoli)
hypothalamus (that tiny fold in the middle)
medulla oblongata (just before spinal chord)
spinal chord (the last bit)
pituitary gland (little piece under hypothalamus)
what is that thing that joins the left and right hemisphere together in the cerebrum
the corpus callosum
what is the function if the corpus callosum
communication to coordinate smoothly
where is the grey and white matter in the cerebrum
grey = outside white = inside
functions of the cerebrum
sensory - recieve and interpret data
integrative - higher thinking, memories
motor - all VOLUNTARY movement (skeletal muscles)
why is only a small part of the leg sensitive
because it is used for movement and it is full of effectors
functions of the cerebellum
allows for smooth movement (coordinates movement)
controlling of muscle tone
posture and balance
does the cerebellum have hemispheres
yes, two
discuss why the cerebellum is called the tree of life
grey matter looks like tree foliage
and white matter looks like the branches
functions of the medulla oblongata
pathway for impulses to and from the brain
reflex centre for breathing, coughing and swallowing (peristalsis)
so in general is in charge of all the involuntary stuff breathing and heartbeat
what is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain and spin connect
the foramen magnum
explain why the left hemisphere controls the right of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body
because the nerves cross over eachother over the medulla oblongata on the way to the brain
functions of the hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis (body temp, food intake, sleep cycle) controls emotional response (pain/pleasure and fear/rage) and controls the functioning of the pituitary gland
two characteristics that apply to both the cerebellum and cerebrum
has surface folds and grooves
where is the grey and white matter spinal chord
grey matter is on the inside
white matter is on the outside
what is the spinal chord
elongated rod of nervous tissue starting from medulla oblonagata
where does the spinal chord lie
inside the vertebral canal
functions of the spinal chord
pathway for impulses to follow
integrative function for primal reflexes - spianl reflexes it protects the body
what is vertebral column
it is the bone
what is vertebrae
33 individual bones
what are the discs between the vertebrea called
cartilage discs
what is the function of the cartilage discs
shock absorption
what is the central canal filled with
CSF
what are the axons, myelin sheaths made out of in the spin
white matter
what are the nerve bodies, dendrite and synapses made out of in the spin
grey matter
what is the structural unit of the nervous system
neuron
to make a motor nueron what do you need (8) labels
dendrite nucleus axon myelin sheath Schwann cell node of Ranvier synaptic knob terminal branch
what is the cell body of the neuron made of
membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
function of the dendrite and nucleus
- recive and direct impulses to the cell body
2. control cell body metabolism
what is the function of the axon
pathway for stimulus over long distances
function of the myelin sheath
for electrical insulation and
prevents impulses from disruption from other activity
what is myelin made out of
white fatty tissue/matter
what is the function of the Schwann cell
it secretes myelin and its wrapped around the axon
what is the function of the node of Ranvier
allows rapid conduction of impulses by forcing them to jump from node to node
when drawing the motor neuron what is the order of the structures node of Ranvier, myelin sheath and Schwann cell
myelin sheath is the space closest to the axon
Schwann cell is that arch
and the node of Ranvier is the space between the two Schwann cells SO LEAVE A SPACE FOR IT PLEASE!!
what is the function of the synaptic knob
creates a synapse with another motor neuron, gland cell
what is the function of the terminal branch
carry impulse to synaptic knob
should we indicate a direction of impulse??????
YES
then which way do we indicate the arrow of direction of impulse
from the dendrite to the terminal branches
types of neurons please?
unipolar neuron/sensory
connector/interneuron/bipolar neuron
multipolar/motor neuron
give the characteristics of sensory neuron
cell body in the middle
1 dendrite = unipolar
carries the impulse to the CNS = AFFERENT
characteristics of connector neuron
it processes the decisions from the CNS and passes them on
has TWO DENDRITES because the cell body is in the middle
charcteristics of the motor neuron
multiple dendrites
carry away to effectors
efferent
what is an impulse/stimulus
the form of electrical communication used by neurons
what is a dendrite
it is a structure in a neuron that receives stimuli from other cells
axon
extension of nerves cell body that conducts impulses along a distance
what is the node of Ranvier
tiny gaps between schwann cells that aid in increasing the speed of impulse conduction
