human migrations

Question 1

when did erectus leave afr

Answer 1

1.8mya

Question 2

when did ancestor of N and D leave afr

Answer 2

600kya

Question 3

what are the potential routes of oofa

Answer 3

gibraltar - rocky
tunisisa - sea rough crossing
egypt - north via land bridge
ethipoia - bab el mandeb strait - short sea crossing 20km today sea levels in past were less so likely smaller

Question 4

what is sahara pump

Answer 4

sahra not always been desert
withwetter climate is green - allows a pop expansion
when cliamte chnage back to dry - pop retract

Question 5

what sahara pump thought to explain

Answer 5

some of the earliest oofa fossils

Question 6

what are some of the earliest oofa fossils

Answer 6

Misliya - jawbone 177-194kya
skhul and qavzen - complete skels 90-120kya
but none of the caves have ev of occupations

Question 7

what evidence for oofa given by archaeology

Answer 7

similarities between afr and s.asia in tools (77-34kya)
- but analysis flawed
also microblade and microlithic tools sim (35-30kya)

– some argue fits with along coastlines model reach aus 45-50kya
or reach s,asia before toba eruption 74kya

Question 8

what route does reosurces support

Answer 8

south route
follow coast
eat lot of seafood
rich resources follwo

Question 9

what route does mtdna suggest

Answer 9

south route

Question 10

what evidence have mtdna given for south route

Answer 10

m and n (s.asia) haplogroups derive from l3 and originate 50-70kya
only l3 grp that fits with date is l3h
in mod pops l3h in ethipoia
bab el mandeb strait

Question 11

what route supported by y dna

Answer 11

north

Question 12

what route supported by autosomal dna

Answer 12

north

Question 13

what evidence from autosomal dna suggests north

Answer 13

225 whole genomes (egy and ethi and compare with eu/asia)
foudn more egyp haplotypes outside afr than other pop
egy pop show more recent split from west afr and non afr than ethiop

Question 14

what date given to the oofa by non controversial migr

Answer 14

70kya

Question 15

how is toba eruption linked to the migr

Answer 15

73kya
pot cause climatic change
fallout affected muchb of s.asia and e. afr
but doesnt fit with the genetics - too far abck

Question 16

what have mtdna studes shown about migr into eu

Answer 16

11 haplogroups so 11 migr
all originate far east
founder analysis revealed come into eu at diff times

Question 17

when did fu et al 2016 date the initial migr into eu

Answer 17

45kya

Question 18

what evidence is there that multiple waves of migr

Answer 18

as during the last glacial maximum only in iberia - 19kya
and evidence initial migr dont contribute to mod pop eg oases
45-14kya all from the initial migr
after 14kya waves from near east

Question 19

what evidecne for there of migr from near easr at 14kya

Answer 19

villabruna cluster contributions from near easterners

and 13kya switz fossil share excess alleles with east asians

Question 20

what evidence is there for back migration

Answer 20

33kya romanian fossil has basal version of u6 haplogroup

derived versions of this haplogroup found in n afr