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Human Life Soan And Develoepemt Flashcards

1
Q

What is infancy?

A

0-2 years

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2
Q

What is early childhood?

A

3-8 years

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3
Q

What is adolescence?

A

9-18 years

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4
Q

What is early adulthood?

A

19-45 years

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5
Q

What is middle adulthood?

A

46-65 years

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6
Q

What is late adulthood?

A

65 + years

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7
Q

What are gross motor skills?

A

Large movements using large muscles of the body that are required for mobility, e.g., jumping forwards and backwards, riding a bike, walking.

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8
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Small movements using small muscles of the body needed for precise dexterity, e.g., writing own name, turning pages of a book.

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9
Q

What are primary sexual characteristics?

A

Present at birth and develop during puberty, including both internal and external genitals, e.g., penis/vagina, testes/ovaries.

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10
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Features that appear and develop during puberty, e.g., facial hair, pubic hair, development of breasts, hips widening due to redistribution of body fat.

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11
Q

What is menopause?

A

When women stop having periods and can no longer get pregnant naturally due to declining oestrogen levels.

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause?

A

Hot flushes/chills, night sweats, difficulty sleeping, low mood/anxiety.

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13
Q

What is perimenopause?

A

The time when the body makes the natural transition to menopause, marking the end of reproductive years.

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14
Q

What are hormones?

A

Released from the pituitary gland, hormones control the onset of puberty and physical changes in the body.

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15
Q

What are the hormones for females?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone, enabling ovulation and menstruation if there is no fertilized egg.

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16
Q

What are the hormones for males?

A

Testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm in the testes.

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17
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage (Piaget)?

A
  1. sensorimotor 0-2 years
    A child learns through senses and actions to explore the world. During this time, they are egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from other people’s perspectives.
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18
Q

What is the preoperational stage (Piaget)?

A

label and organise thoughts, imagination development and conservation being developed.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years):
During this stage, a child begins to label and organize thoughts. Their imagination develops, and they start understanding concepts like conservation (the idea that quantity doesn’t change even if the shape does). However, they are still egocentric, meaning they have difficulty seeing things from others’ perspectives.

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19
Q

What is the concrete operational stage (Piaget)?

A
  1. Concrete operational 7-12 years
    apply logic and understanding, problem-solving begins and applied to concrete situations. Can learn maths and science.

Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years): During this stage, a child begins to apply logic and
understanding to problem-solving and concrete situations. They can learn subjects like math and science more effectively as their thinking becomes more logical and organized.

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20
Q

What is the formal operational stage (Piaget)?

A
  1. formal operational stage 12+ years
    abstract and hypothetical skills develop. Strategic thinking develops and can apply knowledge to new concepts.

Formal Operational Stage (12+ years): In this stage, abstract and hypothetical thinking skills develop.
Strategic thinking becomes more advanced, and individuals can apply their knowledge to new concepts and situations. This stage marks the ability to reason logically about complex and abstract ideas.

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21
Q

What are schemas?

A

Mental frameworks that help organize and understand information.

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22
Q

What is accommodation?

A

This involves the modification of an existing schema to understand (accommodate) new information.

Example: The child’s understanding (schema) of how wet sand behaves, feels, and looks changes to account for the new experiences.

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23
Q

What is assimilation?

A

This involves fitting a new experience into an existing schema.

Example: The child understands he can play with sand in different ways.
He knows how the sand feels and what it looks like.

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24
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

The child’s experience fits in their schema.

Example: The child’s experience in the nursery sandpit fits with their schema/understanding. Playing with sand is fun, and they can do lots of different things with it.

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25
What is disequilibrium?
A new experience that disturbs the child’s existing schema/understanding. Example: Water is added to the sand. The sand becomes thicker, heavier, and behaves differently. It doesn't run through the child's fingers anymore, upsetting their existing understanding of how sand looks and behaves.
26
What is conservation?
Simple - (the idea that quantity doesn't change even if the shape does). The realization that properties of objects such as mass and volume remain the same despite changes in form. Eg changing shape of glass dosent change volume.
27
What is egocentrism?
When a child can't see a situation from another person's point of view. They think everyone sees things the way they do. It's a normal part of growing up for young children.
28
What is Chomsky's LAD theory?
The language acquisition device; everyone is born with the ability to develop language.
29
What is the critical period 0-6? (Chomsky)
The critical time for developing basic skills such as language. If this development doesn't occur, it can lead to an interruption in learning language.
30
What are the 2 types of intelligence?
Fluid intelligence (early and middle adulthood) -this refers to the ability to reason and think flexibly- people apply knowledge to unknown situations using logic. Crystalized intelligence (older adulthood) - this refers to the accumulation of knowledge, facts and skills that are acquired throughout life due to many life experiences.
31
What can affect memory in later adulthood?
Dementia, a general term for loss of memory, language and problem solving and other thinking abilities that are Sever enough to interfere with daily life. Most common fuse eof dementia Alzheimer disease.
32
What are children preprogrammed to do? (Bowlby attachment theory)
Biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others for survival.
33
What does a child have an innate need to do? (Bowlby attachment theory)
Innate (inborn) Attach to one main attachment figure.
34
What is the critical period for developing attachment? (Bowlby attachment theory)
The critical period for developing attachment is 2-5 years.
35
What could continual disruptions in the attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver result in? (Bowlby attachment theory)
Long-term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties.
36
What are the 3 types of attachment? (Ainsworth)
1. Secure attachment 2. Avoidant attachment 3. Ambivalent attachment
37
What is secure attachment? (Ainsworth)
Children who can depend on their caregivers show distress when separated and joy when reunited.
38
What is avoidant attachment? (Ainsworth)
Children avoid parents or caregivers, showing no preference between a caregiver and a stranger. This attachment style may be as a result of abusive or neglectful behaviour.
39
What is ambivalent attachment? (Ainsworth)
these children become very distressed when a parent leaves. Because of poor parental availability, these children cannot depend on their primary caregivers to be there when they need them.
40
What is self-image?
How an individual sees himself or herself, developed over time and influenced by experiences they have encountered.
41
What is self-esteem?
A person's feeling of self-worth or the value they place on themselves.
42
What is self-concept?
How someone sees themselves and their abilities, influenced by various factors.
43
What was the Bobo doll experiment?
Children copied aggressive behavior from adults, demonstrating learning through observation.
44
What strongly influences behaviour?
Environments play a strong role in influencing behaviour.
45
What was observed in the children who watched the aggressive adults?
They were more likely to replicate the same aggressive behaviours towards the Bobo doll.
46
What actions did the children imitate from the adults?
They imitated hitting, kicking, and shouting at the Bobo doll.
47
What did the Bobo doll experiment demonstrate about children's learning?
It demonstrated that children learn and replicate behaviours by observing others.
48
What theory did the Bobo doll experiment support?
It supported Bandura's social learning theory.
49
What significant role did the experiment highlight in shaping a child's actions?
The significant role that the environment and observed behaviour play.
50
What are the 3 types of play?
Solo play, parallel play, cooperative play.
51
What is solo play?
When children play alone and do not have the social skills to play together.
52
What is parallel play?
When a child plays next to other children but not directly with them.
53
What is cooperative play?
When children play together, using their social skills to interact and collaborate.
54
What is bullying?
Repeated negative behaviour intended to cause harm.
55
What can bullying lead to?
Physical and emotional health problems, including injury and mental health issues.
56
What is the long-term risk of bullying?
Increased risk for mental health problems and issues adjusting to school.
57
What is peer pressure?
The influence of a group or individual on another person to alter their behaviour.
58
What is the positive of peer pressure?
Encouraging good performance in school and motivating positive behaviours.
59
What are the negatives of peer pressure?
Can lead to risky behaviour, substance abuse, and engaging in harmful actions.
60
What is genetic inheritance?
The process where parents pass down their physical and genetic traits to their children.
61
What is nature?
Influence of genetic inheritance and biological factors on traits.
62
What is nurture?
The influence of external/environmental factors after conception.
63
What was Gesell's Maturation Theory?
Focused on the physical and mental development of children, suggesting stages are determined by genetic inheritance.
64
What was the Stress Diathesis Model?
The explanation that a disorder is the result of an interaction between genetic predisposition and stress.
65
What are genetic factors?
Traits and characteristics passed down from parents to children through genes.
66
What is genetic predisposition?
The increased likelihood of developing a condition due to genetic inheritance.
67
What are examples of genetically inherited conditions?
Cystic fibrosis, brittle bone disease, phenylketonuria (PKU), Huntington's Disease, Klinefelter's Syndrome, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.
68
What is cystic fibrosis?
The mucus in the lungs and digestive system affects breathing and digestion.
69
What is brittle bone disease?
Lack of collagen protein in the bones causes brittle bones.
70
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A person cannot break down phenylalanine (protein) from foods.
71
What is Huntington's disease?
A faulty gene causes the brain to become damaged over time.
72
What is Klinefelter syndrome?
Boys are born with an extra X chromosome, affecting physical and cognitive development.
73
What is Brittle Bone Disease?
Lack of collagen protein in the bones causes brittle bones.
74
What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A person cannot break down phenylalanine (protein) from foods.
75
What is Huntington's Disease?
People born with a faulty gene that causes the brain to become damaged over time affecting physical and intellectual development.
76
What is Klinefelter Syndrome?
Boys are born with extra X chromosomes which can affect physical and sexual development.
77
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
A disease that causes muscle weakness and wasting due to a fault in the person's dystrophin gene.
78
What are Examples of generic conditions?
Downs Syndrome.
79
What is Down syndrome?
An extra chromosome on the 21st pair due to a change in the sperm or egg. Affects physical features such as poor muscle tone, flattened facial features, and almond-shaped eyes. Links to intellectual disabilities.
80
What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Foetal alcohol syndrome is a type of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), the name for all the various problems that can affect children if their mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy.
81
What are the symptoms of Foetal alcohol syndrome?
Smaller head, poor growth, distinctive facial features (e.g. small eyes, thin upper lip), poor attention span, balance problems, learning difficulties or hearing/sight problems.
82
What can a poor diet and lifestyle choices during pregnancy lead to for the child?
A poor diet can lead to health problems for the child such as obesity.
83
What can long-term exposure to air pollution cause?
Long-term exposure to air pollution can cause chronic conditions such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (asthma) as well as lung cancer, leading to reduced life expectancy.
84
What health conditions are linked to poor housing?
Poor housing (dampness, low temperature, overcrowding) is linked to a range of health conditions, including respiratory infections, asthma, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health issues.
85
What can happen if there is no access to HSC services?
Lack of access to Health and Social Care (HSC) services can lead to untreated illnesses, worsening health problems.
86
What is Family Dysfunction?
Divorce disrupts attachment and causes insecurity.
87
How does Parenting styles affect a child?
Strict/relaxed styles can impact a child's freedom or lack of independence.
88
How does Bullying affect an individual?
Affects self-image/self-esteem and can lead to anxiety, depression, self-harm, or suicide.
89
What might a Christian patient ask for?
Christian patients may ask for the last rites.
90
What might a Jehovah's Witness refuse?
Jehovah's Witness patients may refuse blood transfusions.
91
What might Jewish patients have requirements for?
Jewish patients may have requirements on the Sabbath.
92
What should be considered for Muslim patients?
Muslim patients consider modesty during personal care, dietary requirements (no pork/halal meat/fasting), and spiritual needs.
93
What can low Income impact?
Low income can impact diet, education, life chances, and opportunities.
94
How can Employment benefit a person?
Employment can improve self-esteem, fitness, and income.
95
What can No employment cause?
No employment can reduce self-esteem and self-image, causing anxiety and low social status.
96
How can Lifestyle lead to health Issues?
Smoking can lead to lung disease, drinking can lead to liver disease/addictions, and poor diet can lead to obesity.
97
What can Education lead to?
Education can lead to employment and improve income, self-image, and self-esteem.
98
What can No education lead to?
No education can lead to a lack of employment and social opportunities.
99
What are Predictable Life Events?
These are events you can predict in life. Examples include marriage, education, driving, having a family, retirement, and moving house.
100
What are Unpredictable life events?
These are events you cannot predict in life. Examples include the death of a partner, serious accident, redundancy, divorce, and imprisonment.
101
What does the Social Disengagement theory suggest about people in later adulthood?
The Social Disengagement theory suggests that as people move into later adulthood, they begin to withdraw from roles that were once important and disengage from social relationships due to ill health and preparing for end-of-life.
102
What does the Activity Theory suggest about individuals in later adulthood?
The Activity Theory suggests that individuals in later adulthood are most fulfilled and happiest when they participate in social interactions and remain active.
103
What are some of the societal effects of an ageing population on the community?
Increased costs on the NHS due to illnesses in older people, and more services required for the elderly such as meals on wheels, winter fuel payments, day centres, and residential homes.
104
What are the Physical signs of ageing?
- Cardiovascular disease - Degeneration of nervous tissue (e.g. multiple sclerosis) - Osteoarthritis - Degeneration of senses (e.g. sight and hearing) - Dementia (e.g. Alzheimer's)

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